The Effects Of Economic Instability On Social, Political...

Assess the effects of economic instability on social, political and/or environmental factors as well as some of the solutions that have been employed to overcome them. Today’s most urgent problem is the global financial crisis, which broke out in 2008, its impact and its negative consequences( Karimov, 2009). Economic instability as a definition is when the financial system of a country faces ups and downs on its economic objectives. That is, when it faces major fluctuations in output, when inflation is high, employment is low, or when there is unsustainable growth. It could also be described as when the economic objectives of a country are not at the level where they should be. Cyprus is a recent example of a country that experienced and still suffers from economic instability and the effects of economic instability can be explained giving examples from this case study. Cyprus experienced a wealthy period (since its independence), through the years leading up to the financial crisis; it was fuelled by a booming construction industry and established itself as a regional financial centre (Theocharides, 2013). More particularly, the country had the lowest corporate tax (in Europe) and provided a tax service at a point where consumers were able to pay. Not only this, but it also had a stable banking system and high levels of education throughout the country. The banking system had high local deposit rates, a flood of foreign money and a large number of registered foreignShow MoreRelatedThe Presence of Corruption in Bangladesh 1471 Words   |  6 Pagesmost corrupt nations. Ever since the independence of this South Asian nation it has been fraught with instability and corruption. As new nation Bangladesh has to face various political and economic issues. Patronage networks, military coups and civil violence are the few issues that ruin the political sys tem of this nation. Much of the political instability has lead to challenges in its economic development. Bangladesh lags behind in natural resources and capital thus affecting the development ofRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental Forces On Yumyum Cola1020 Words   |  5 PagesHow Certain Environmental Forces Affect YumYum Cola’s Ability to Serve Its Customers Introduction This paper is aimed at identifying and highlighting the effects of environmental factors that affect YumYum Cola ability to serve its customer. This research will be focused towards the changes in political and cultural environment that can cause YumYum Cola to change its marketing strategies to hit the maximum targeted customers. The relationship between organization and environmental forces is a veryRead MoreClimate Change And National Security1295 Words   |  6 Pagespresents a new and very different type of challenge to national security. The stability of the world’s climate that has enabled human civilizations to grow and flourish over the last five thousand years is changing, causing environmental conditions deteriorate and cause worldwide instability that threatens national security. The sobering truth is that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are greater now than at any time in the past 650,000 years , and as the average global temperature is continuing toRead MoreThe Causes Of The Overwhelming Civil War In Syria1183 Words   |  5 Pagesinduces them to take a close look at the effect of the crisis on the economic growth in Lebanon. Theoretical literature reviews. 1) Tourism: For Faysal Itani (2016) Lebanon tourism pays the price of the Syria’s war. It threatens the economic growth of the country. †¢ Several foreign countries (US, UK, Canada) place bans, formal or informal, on travel to Lebanon due to security incidents and especially political disagreements which reduces tourist’s expendituresRead MoreEconomic Instability And The Political Situation2200 Words   |  9 Pagesfour aspects comprising any development, such as economic, environmental, social, and political, which are deeply interlinked. Analysts are using the â€Å"ripple† effect to outline the manner in which these four aspects of growth and development are connected. Any slight change within each of the highlighted facets of growth influences the other three. For example, economic instability has a profound effect on the social, political, and environmental pendulum. This work will outline the relationshipRead MoreApple s Distinct Business Model890 Words   |  4 PagesWith any organization there are opportunities and threats. We will examine environmental threats and opportunities that cou ld impact Apple, as well as, where Apple should focus their efforts to decrease the threats and maximize the opportunities. Furthermore, the most significant environmental threats that currently confront the organization would be political factors, economical social factors. The political factors stem from uncontrollable circumstances in relation to geographical precariousnessRead MoreAnalysis Of Qantas Airlines An Organization Situational Analysis1047 Words   |  5 Pages This report largely focuses on constructing a situational analysis of Qantas Airlines. An organisations situational analysis refers to an analysis that consists of ascertaining the key factors that will be used as a basis for development of marketing strategy. (Elliot 2014). Situational analysis consists of the environment analysis (both internal and external environment), competitor’s analysis and finally the swot analysis. By analysing those elements stated above, it is likely that the higherRead MoreApril 1971 Colonel M.A.G Osmani was selected as Commander of Bengali armed forces. Organized1100 Words   |  5 Pagesseparate state of Bangladesh created. Sheikh Mujib Rahman returned from captivity in Pakistan in 1972 and he also became prime minister. However, instability were also occurred in the new state. Much of the instability were caused by natural disaster such as floods and famine. Martial law and frequent states of emergency also contributed to the instability in Bangladesh. Moreover, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated in August 1975 not so long after he became President. Major-General Ziaur RahmanRead MoreThe Legal Foundation For Humanitarian Intervention Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagessovereign state by sending military forces into a state that never engaged in an act of aggression against another state. (Lecture, 11/15/16). Humanitarian intervention is a convenient label that has been used to describe everything from simple economic aid to military intervention. Because of the superfluity of conventional approaches to intervention, the question is no longer whether countries should intervene militarily, the question is what is the best, least dangerous, way to help. HumanitarianRead MoreThe Automotive Industry Has Done A Good Job1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe automotive industry has become one of the greatest industries today and is one of the world’s most crucial economic sectors by revenue. All the same, not only does automotive industry develops and manufacture but it also markets and sale motor vehicles globally. Social cultural varies for example population, social duty, ethnic differences, and the influence of consumer mobility affects directly to the automobile industry. Most of the consumer s concerns are the price, and the brand of the

Oil And Gas Industry A Canadian Necessity - 2858 Words

Albertan Oil: A Canadian Necessity Alberta’s oil and gas industry is a major necessity to the economic well being of the Canadian nation as a whole. This can be clearly seen with regards to the federals governments Equalization plan in which Alberta has not received a payment since the 1960’s. Although the oil and gas industry is detrimental to the environment, it is a necessity to the life the majority of Canadians take for granted and the notion that we can simply turn off the oil spigot and turn to natural resources without detrimental economic and societal impacts is unfounded, unrealistic, and without logic. Advocates for the end of the production of oil and gas in Northern Alberta and Saskatchewan claim that Canada could function without the oil sands (commonly referred to as â€Å"tar sands† which is improper as oil will not harder as tar will). This statement can be supported, but not without oil. Oil would have to be imported on an ever-larger scale than it currently is, requiring increased pipelines from the costal regions to more central Canadian locations. This would be seen as problematic to these environmental groups who oppose such pipeline developments. These advocates often suggest alternative methods of energy ignoring the consequences of these alternatives. Without the oil and gas industry the federal government of Canada would be required to rework its’ equalization plan, and all Canadians as a result would see a decrease in economic prosperity evenShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Canadian Oil Production2862 Words   |  12 Pagesfocuses on the rise of Canadian oil production and how Canada’s economy has reacted to this rise. Canada is in a very unique position in terms of oil production. Within Alberta, Canada has had an abundance of oil that it could produce. However, oil prices used to be a lot lower than what they have risen to in recent time. With these low oil prices, no one could justify producing the oil within the Alberta. This is due to the issue that the oil located in Alberta is mostly from oil sands (Facts aboutRead MoreCase Analysis : Enbridge Inc.1401 Words   |  6 Pages Enbridge Inc. is a Canadian energy company intending to build two opposite flowing parallel pipelines, transporting crude oil westbound fr om the rich Athabasca tar sands, and natural gas condensate eastbound from the coast of British Columbia. The purpose of transporting bitumen to the west coast is in order to have an outlet to the Pacific Ocean and subsequently export to the growing Asian oil markets via oil tankers. Alberta’s tar sands are estimated to have 166 billion barrels of proven reservesRead MoreEconomic, Environmental, And Social Repercussions Of Climate Change In Canada1798 Words   |  8 Pagesyear on record (CITE) and is heading into unknown territory. Into the bargain, Alberta is just getting over one of its worst economic bust cycles that it has ever witnessed. The price of oil has fallen FIND THIS OUT 2014-2015. This has had a dramatic impact on families who rely on income from the fossil fuel industry to put food on their tables. Provincial unemployment currently sits at nine percent – the highest rate in 22 years FIND THIS OUT. A loss of jobs coupled with economic security results in Read MoreEnvironmental Water Issues In Canada1337 Words   |  6 Pagessupply. Canadian farms use water for livestock maintenance and irrigation. Industrial water use involves manufacturing practices and cleaning machinery and buildings (Water Withdrawl Uses, 2012). Both agricultural and industries are big contributors to Canadian GDP while being big consumers of scarce freshwater resources (Corkal Adkins, 2008). Thus, it is evident that Canada needs to adapt how it manages its freshwater resources, given the increasing demand from agriculture and industry, in orderRead MoreEssay on Understanding OPEC: An Economic Analysis1353 Words   |  6 Pagespolicies of the Organization of Oil-Exporting Countries by exporting oil above its quotas. This is but one chapter in the complicated history of OPEC. OPEC is an international assembly of nations which co-ordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of eleven countries and has enjoyed the highs and weathered the lows of oil prices in t he last few decades. To solve their problems, both member countries and oil-importing countries must address the complex nature of oil price elasticity in making theirRead MoreThe Impact Of Oil On The Economy3167 Words   |  13 PagesHistory Of Oil In The Economy For a very long time, oil was widely used for things such as medicine, lubricants and adhesives. However, ‘A new era began when Edwin Drake successfully produced commercially usable quantities of crude oil from a 69-foot well in Pennsylvania in 1859’ (Parker, 2013). In the 19th century, oil became a key player in all industries, businesses, technology and geopolitics (Hinsdale, 2014). Oil has become the means of survival for both consumers and producers. ConsequentlyRead MoreThe Cost Of A Carbon Tax Or Cap And Trade System1161 Words   |  5 Pagessystem is that depending on the industry specialization of the country, it can result in primarily hurting the industries that are key actors in the local economy. Hence, at times, it is difficult for industries to promote clean energy at a reasonable time to internalize the extra cost imposed on them through a carbon tax policy. For instance, the Conservative government in Canada had opposed carbon pricing, arguing that it would hurt economic growth, especially in the oil sector. In addition, they arguedRead MoreThe World s Tallest Skyscraper And Man Made Islands1547 Words   |  7 Pagesfamous of all Arabian metropolises. This fame has arisen from the city’s great oil wealth; from the massive construction projects that have resulted - including the world’s tallest skyscraper and man-made islands; from the reputation for excess among Dubai’s young and wealthy; and from the large numbers of expats attracted to Dubai by the prospect of sharing in the city’s prosperity. But there’s more to Dubai than simply oil revenue. The westernisation of the emirate’s economy has created much diversificationRead More The Economic Factors Involved with the Rising Price of Gasoline2554 Words   |  11 PagesFor many Americans high gas prices have been a hot issue with them, and there seems to be no rhyme or reason to these fluctuations. With the continued popularity of the sport-utility vehicle and the high volume of gasoline it requires, the issue of high gas prices doesn’t seem to be going away anytime soon. Many factors go into determining the price of gasoline. This paper will explore the various factors involved to determine the price of gas and attempt to gain a betterRead MoreIs Cca System Within Canada Meets Fundamental Principles?1851 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In 1949 the introduction of Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) system was designed to be a simple method to depreciate capital property for tax purposes (Mida and Stewart, 1995). The CCA defined by Canada Revenue Agency (2014) as a tax deduction that Canadian tax laws allow a business to claim for the loss in value of capital assets due to wear and tear or obsolescence. Over time, the system whose aim was to ensure fair and equitable approach to asset depreciation for all taxpayers was significantly amended

Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners Free Essays

Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners and losers (15) Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Globalisation over the past hundred years has undoubtedly made the world more interconnected including closer societies, politics, economies, cultures and the environment. Globalisation has increased the production of goods and services. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are those who argue that globalisation creates â€Å"winners† and â€Å"losers,† as some ountries prosper, mainly European countries and America, whilst other countries fail to do well. For example, USA and Europe fund their own agricultural industries heavily so less economically developed countries get ‘priced out’ of certain markets, even though they should theoretically have an economic advantage, as their wages are lower. The globalisation of economies has resulted in many winners from the developed nations while also improving improved the standard of living in many developing nations. As well as this numerous winners include most western nations, some third orld labourers and international institutions. The globalisation of nation’s economies has definitely improved the lives of millions across the planet, in both developed and developing countries. By far the major winner from this process has been the citizens and corporations of developed countries. This is due to many factors that have come to fruition in the later half of the twentieth century. Specifically, the roles of TNC’s, global financial institutions and consumerism all have ties to economic globalisation. Despite the criticisms that surround transnational orporations, they have been directly investing in developing countries and with their expansion into these markets, have actually raised the standard of living in many third world countries. An example of a transnational corporation creating winners with the globalisation process is McDonalds. This is a major example of globalization in both the economic and cultural sense, with nearly 50 million people around the world being served daily. The primary economic winner in recent times from McDonald’s globalisation process has been East Asia, as in 1975 when McDonald’s pened it first restaurant in Hong Kong, it brought with it a high standard of professional service and the first restaurant to continually offer a clean eating environment, which customers came to demand from all restaurants later. Another winner of the globalisation process, are the third world workers employed by transnational corporations. Although the western world sees sweatshops as immoral and unethical, the labourers who work in these places are often being paid a higher wage than most of their fellow citizens. This means through the economic lobalisation process and cross border corporations, workers in developing countries have the opportunities to survive and beat the poverty cycle. While there nave been many winners trom economic globalisation, there nave also been and will continue to be many losers. There have been many losers including most third world countries, the environment and ironically even most western countries. The primary loser from globalisation has been the developing countries, who have supplied the labour and raw material necessary to fuel globalisation. In any third world countries, globalisation has had the negative effect of creating sweatshops, where workers are paid low wages to do hard manual labour in often poor conditions. These sweatshops are run by transnational corporations, that have the aim of minimising costs by taking advantage of the relaxed labour laws often in developing countries. An example of a transnational corporation that uses sweatshops is Nike, as its shoes are made in many Asian countries at a low cost and then sold in western countries for a profit. After the goods are sold and the wages aid, the transnational corporations take any profit made back to their headquarters or home country. This leaves the developing countries in poverty as the workers are being exploited for a minimal wage while the country sees very little of the profits. However, not only are the developing countries affected by economic globalisation, the developed countries that are often at the center of globalisation also experience problems. A major loser that has resulted from the integration of economies specifically in times of economic downturn has been all economies, including both eveloping and developed. It can be seen that the primary losers from economic development are developing countries; however, developed countries can also be losers. Another significant loser from economic globalisation is the environment; this problem affects all countries on the planet and has been getting worse over time. The environment has been abused and neglected since the beginning of the industrial revolution and today is currently at a precipice. Developed countries are the worst offender when it comes to the abuse of the environment. There are positive aspects of globalisation as seen in developed countries, also now many developing countries are to some degree enjoying the benefits. However, transnational corporations and the developed world are still generally exploiting developing countries. Likewise, the planet’s environment is still being expended at a faster rate than it is being replenished or replaced and will surely cause problems for future generations. Therefore, it can be said that the globalisation process of integrating nation’s economies has had both positive and negative effects on the world. How to cite Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners, Papers

Performance Evaluation of Banking Institutions

Question: Discuss about thePerformance Evaluation of Banking Institutions. Answer: Introduction The financial authority decides for centralisation of the commercial banks or retail banking to meet certain goals. There essential features of the centralised banks are standardised processes, improvement in productivity, risk mitigation, improvement in service quality, integrated supply chain management, cost control and service outsourcing. These are the positive sides of centralisation of the banking institutions such as banks A. A group of authority at headquarter decides the interest rate, saving rates for all the branches in order to operate an integrated system. The salary of the employee is determined based on the productivity performance. Their incentives are based on number of selling differentiated products in order to gain competitive advantage in the market. The salary of the employees has been linked with the strategic objectives of Bank A. The business strategy of Bank A is to retain the market share in the face of strong competition. This bank expects a tough competi tion from Google, which already has a market power and recognition. However, in the view of Thompson and James (1967), this kind of pressure creates burden on the employees, which may de-motivate them to work efficiently. They even do not get sufficient time for the lunch break. This kind of organisation is detrimental for the growth of the organisation. As stated by Dougherty and Deborah (1992), aggressive market strategy may be profitable in short run, however, not sustainable in long run. Aggressive business strategy increases work pressure and decreases employee satisfaction. As a consequence, employee turnover may increase in Bank A affecting their profitability. Moreover, Okhuysen et al. (2009) commented that de-motivated employees fail to communicate with the customers effectively driven by the workplace frustration. Hence, miscommunication with customers may affect the profitability as the customers may shift to other financial institution, which is able to provide better services. Therefore possible recommendation for bank A is discussed here. Higher authority of Bank A requires developing a new strategy to gain competitive advantages in order to compete with a company like Google. Corporate culture practiced in this institution such as hard working is good however; this process can be implemented in other ways by improvement workplace environment. The main advantage of the Google is that this company provides employee the time and facilities for enjoying work place despite having tremendous work pressure. Banks A needs to adopt this type of organisational culture for their institutions. The central unit employed by Bank A can suggest to develop multiple and differentiated products along with savings accounts and interest on loan. Product bundling may be a strategy to get competitive advantages (Srikanth, Kannan and Puranam 2011). As suggested by Simon and Herbert (1997), technological improvement is important for centralised banks in order to integrate all the information regarding loan files. Deposits of money in different types of accounts are the primary source of investment for banking institutions. Higher interest rate encourages households to deposit more money in the bank. These resources are used by the banks to give loan to the borrowers. Return from loan is the main source of revenue to the bank (Milgrom, Paul and Roberts 1992). Therefore, the central unit can suggest bank A to raise interest on savings and reduce interest rate on loan in order to provide benefits to the customers. This strategy can increase the scope of competitive advantage in the market in order to mitigate possible threats from potential competitors. Financial product innovation is a crucial strategy for the business development. The central unit may suggest the authorities of Bank A to reduce work load from the employees. As opined by Dyer et al. (1998), incentive based performance is good as this process motivates the employees for better service. However, this practice need not be forceful. Therefore, the central unit can suggest possible ways for work pressure reduction. Bank can recruit more specialised employees as per each banking product category. The authority needs to emphasise on the high priority tasks first. Work schedule needs to be prepared according to the priority of the tasks. Employees may be given training regarding time management. Development of internal and external communication is important aspect of gaining competitive advantage. Direct conduct with customers helps to grow customer loyalty. These strategies are likely to be helpful for Bank A to mitigate possible threats and to increase its profitability both in short run and long run. Customer loyalty is very helpful for overcome th e threats of new entry in the market. Bank B is resilient to the changing environment of the market. Their business is customer oriented. Bank B gives value to the prospective stakeholders such as employees and customers. They also use performance based remuneration for their employees. Cultural environment of Bank B is very supportive for innovation in product and services as there is good collaboration among the co-workers. Moreover, flow of information within the organisation is effective for proper communication with the employees. In the view of Gavetti et al. (2012), employees are important stakeholders for the organisation and hence, they can contribute important ideas for the development of the business. Employee oriented strategy is business advantage for Bank B. Involvement of the employees in the decision making process are feasible for product innovation for Bank B. Despite having effective business strategy there are further scope for Bank B to develop their strategy to retain the market share. Corporate strategy of Bank B is stronger; however, it needs to concentrate on the business level strategy to increase their profitability. Google is a strong potential competitor in the financial market. However, the bank may take a market leadership position through cost control and revenue maximisation strategy. As opined by Milgrom, Paul and Roberts (1992), cash and asset management strategy are important criteria for cost control. Bank B can take market leadership through partnership with other banking institutions. Merger and acquisition is often helpful while intending to increase market share. Formation of cartel is effective to restrict possible entry of new firm. As cited by Srikanth, Kannan and Puranam (2011), development of information technology in banking sector improves the maintenance of electronic files regarding deposits, loans and other assets. E-banking facilities are gaining facilities in present times. Therefore, application of ICT in Bank B may b effective for attracting consumers. Value added products such as providing another service, facilities or product with a specific deposit account can be helpful for increasing revenues. Interest rate on saving account in compliance with the profit margin can attract more customers as they get higher return. Development of national payment system such as real time gross settlement, automated clearance house, automated teller machine facilities, point of selling gives greater facilities to the customer by reducing the problems of physical transaction. Bank B can be suggested to implement these types of product innovation. Technological innovation is effective strategy for long run sustaina bility. Asset and liability management is a crucial part for banking business. Banking institutions like Bank B often has to face marketing and business risk due to mismatch between the account receivables and account payables. Bank B needs to set a target to meet Basel norms in order to reduce risks. Milgrom, Paul and Roberts (1992) mentioned that the scope of banking business has enhanced after globalisation. Hence, the effect of market and exchange risk is greater no compared to before. Therefore, Bank B needs to hedge protect their business in the face of growing competition coming from both domestic and international markets. Risk mitigation strategy would be beneficial for sustainability of the business in long run. Product innovation and product differentiation are effective in short run. However, these strategise cannot give sustainability in the long run. In order to bring sustainability in the financial market, Bank B needs to ensure the collection of payments from borrowers on or before time. Development of customer is helpful in this context. The scenario presented above in the two case-studies strongly indicates the problems in the banking sector when there is threats of new entry in the market. The bank has been unable to perform as it was supposed to do. Under this circumstances two major banks which are now struggling to meet up their targets, earn a lump-sum profit and survive in the market is now struggling and seeking help from the McKinsey. The first thing that needs to be highlighted is the strategies that can be used to merge the institutions and the recommendations that can help in the post merging scenario. The term merging is defined as the process where the two companies are integrated into one single company so that they can implement their best strategies in making their business successful (Aktas, De Bodt and Roll 2013). The two banks namely Bank A and Bank B can be merged only after following the Companies Act and by abiding the corporate laws of the country. The component which helps these two banks to get merged up and be organized is as follows: Resource, Health and Culture. Resource: The chief resources of any banking institution are the employees who help in making the organization successful. Other than the employees the number of customers that the bank has also adds up to their resources. Health: The net assets of the banks and the liabilities imposed on them decide upon the health of the bank. If any bank has huge amount of asset with minimum liabilities is the target that every bank wishes to achieve. Culture: The term culture implies the work culture that exists within any institutions. In this scenario both the banks show a complete unique work culture (Froehlich, Segers and Van den Bossche 2014). The steps that the banks need in order to merge up are as follows: Identify the problems associated: Lack of innovation is the main problem along with delay in operation for our case. Other companies like Google have been trying to enter the financial market and provide better innovative service to the consumers. Under this circumstance, through the system of merger both the banks should try to deviate from their existing service and focus on the demand of the consumers and upgrade themselves accordingly. Appropriate price determination: The cost that both the banks must incur in order to merge up should be analyzed. At the same time there is a need to construct the expected benefit that may happen due to this merger. If the benefits are seen to be worthy keeping in consideration all the aspects, then only it is recommended that the banks can merge. Post-merger integration advice: It is obvious that two organizations with completely different setup is expected to face struggle and conflicts in their operations. Hence, it is advisable that the management team of these banks must integrate amongst themselves and keep a check on the workings of the employees and their satisfaction level and organize some session to advise them on their drawbacks while motivating them for their good works as well (Carletti et al. 2016). The difference between the two banks needs special mention while thinking of merging them. Bank A, being fully centralized follows the top-down process while Bank B follows bottom up process. Bank A focuses more on corporate culture and provides good incentives to its employees to motivate them. But the fundamental flaw of this institution is that it treats its employees as a machine. There is lack of communication between the employees within the branch and also with the employees of different branches. This hampers their performance to a great deal. On other hand the autonomous strategy followed by bank B prioritizes the customers and gives freedom to its employees in certain aspects of their working. This bottom up process helps in retaining the customers. Hence, it is advisable that the banks after merger should prioritize the customers and provide some liberty to the employees to work according to their convenience. It can ensure customer retention. Also regulation should be from the centre itself to maintain a equitable regulation but the organization needs to ensure that the Central control of the bank should not be the result for delay in decisions taken and thereby hampering the customer. References Aktas, N., De Bodt, E. and Roll, R., 2013. Learning from repetitive acquisitions: Evidence from the time between deals.Journal of Financial Economics,108(1), pp.99-117. Carletti, E., Ongena, S., Siedlarek, J.P. and Spagnolo, G., 2016. The Impact of Merger Legislation on Bank Mergers.Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, (16-33). Dougherty, Deborah 1992: Interpretive Barriers to Successful Product Innovation in Large Firms. Organization Science, Vol. 3, No. 2, 179-202 Dyer, Jeffrey H., Dong Sung Cho and Wujin Chu 1998: Strategic Supplier Segmentation: The Next Best Practice in Supply Chain Management. California Management Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, 57-77 Froehlich, D., Segers, M. and Van den Bossche, P., 2014. Informal workplace learning in Austrian banks: The influence of learning approach, leadership style, and organizational learning culture on managers' learning outcomes.Human resource development quarterly,25(1), pp.29-57. Gavetti, Giovanni, Henrich R. Greve, Daniel A. Levinthal and William Ocasio 2012: TheBehavioral Theory of the Firm: Assessment and Prospects. The Academy of Management Annals, 2012, 18 Milgrom, Paul and Roberts, J. 1992: Economics, Organization and Management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Excerpts of Chapter 5: Bounded Rationality and Private Information, 149-159 (Section on Adverse Selection). Okhuysen, Gerardo A. and Beth A. Bechky 2009: Coordination in Organizations: An Integrative Perspective. The Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 3, No. 1, 463502 Simon, Herbert A. 1947/1997: Administrative Behavior. 4th ed. New York: Free Press. Chapter 7: The Role of Authority, 177-207 (incl. 1997 comments by Simon) Srikanth, Kannan and Puranam, P. 2011: Integrating Distributed Work: Comparing Task Design, Communication, and Tacit Coordination Mechanisms. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 32, No. 8: 849-875 Thompson, James D. 1967: Organizations in Action Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. New York: Transaction Publishers. Chapter 5: Technology and structure, 51-65

Population inflation Essay Example

Population inflation Essay Population inflation has become a constant problem and a developing conflict for all the nations in the world especially those with such little total land gross area. Urbanization and Population growth seems to coincide because both of it has become growing concerns of the world today. Though Urbanization has the more positive side of it, there are still some who oppose this ideology. Regarding population growth, it has become one aspect of the global community that indicates such a threatening reality. The people are multiplying by the minute but the resources that keep the people alive has become more scarce through the years. The scarcity of resources to satisfy population has become blatantly damaging. The growth rate around the world is increasing every year and as seen in the worlds most populous countries such as China, India, USA, the population has been inflating due to birth and fertility rate. Answering to the problems caused by overpopulation, urbanization solutions has become one arguably reliable remedy. There are four examples of cases where a positive output was produced and was recognized in the 1996 Dubai Awards. These are the Institutionalizing of Community-Based Development in Abidjan, another was the action by the Self-Employed Womens Association (SEWA) Bank, another was the City Management in Tilburg ranging from the past, present and the future, these are samples of overcoming the challenges of population and urbanization. Urbanization can produce both negative and positive effects on communities, depending on how the leaders of these communities take advantage of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Population inflation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Population inflation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Population inflation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are possible environmental problems due to urbanization but there are also environmental benefits due to urbanization. Its like a give and take relationship for population and urbanization, the importance of how the population should be treated must coincide positively with how urbanization should be handled properly to reap benefits for the population. REFERENCES http://www. unesco. org/most/africa17. htm http://www. unesco. org/most/asia1. htm http://www. unesco. org/most/africa3. htm http://www. unesco. org/most/westeu14. htm http://www. unesco. org/most/usa1. htm http://www.unesco.org/most/southam1.htm.

Miracle Economics essays

Miracle Economics essays In his book Asiaà ­s Miracle Economies, Jon Woronoff examines the dramatically quick economic growth of five Asian countries. The five countries examined are Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Through his study the author demonstrates that there was no miracle involved in these countries growth. They applied specific strategies that were adapted to their local environment. Some of these strategies worked some didnà ­t. The author says that by examining these nations, one may be able to repeat there success. The book is divided into three parts. In "Part One: Places" the author tells where these countries started from. Some were poorer than average. Some had little natural resources. The people of these countries had different outlooks on the world thus different behavioral tendencies. Part I is divided into five chapters each examining a countries. Woronoff begins Chapter 1 "Japanà ­s Two Miracles," by discussing Japanà ­s first industrial revolution. In 1853 when Commodore Perry opened Japanà ­s ports to foreigners, Japan was feudal society. It was not very evolved nor very modern. Agriculture was good but not enough for the growing population. Japan wanted to learn from the West. Japan sent many students to Europe and the United States. Soon Japan began industrializing. Groups called zaibatsu formed. These zaibatsu dominated industry and commerce. They manipulated politics to suit their own needs. Japan soon began concentrating own building a War Machine. After the Russo-Japanese War, the country went into a recession. But after the First World War, Imperial Japan began growing up until the end of the WWII. The war left Japan resouceless and heavily overpopulated. The victorious Allies gave or rather imposed democratization onto Japan. The zaibatsu were disbanded. Japan was left weak. The United States provided much financial support. Japanà ­s economy then began growing very fast. The Japanese protected...

Mixed Higher Education is not as Effective for Those Female Students Research Paper

Mixed Higher Education is not as Effective for Those Female Students Who Come From Single Sex Schools in Middle East - Research Paper Example Traditions in the Middle East are strictly observed. The Sharia law upholds morals and values of women in a strict manner. Girls are supposed to behave in such manners as dictated by the Sharia law. The law requires women to cover their faces. Girls going to a single-gender school interact with other girls of their age-set. For girls attending primary school education becomes cheap to comprehend and follow. According to Hill traditions are the basis of the Arab culture, and at no time will leverage be used to measure the value of people (Hill, 1993, p. 201). The Islam religion makes it easy for students to uphold values in an appropriate manner. The culture practiced in the Arab countries conforms to their traditions based on the Sharia law. The Muslim sorority is always keened on defending values, morals and the integrity of the society. In perchance, the best that girls achieve in primary schools is proactive in their day-to-day lives. The veracity with which decent is sustained go es a long way in advocating for the education rights of the girl child. The system of education in Middle East has been formed with an aim of integrating all genders. The students are given an opportunity to learn together and socialize. The primary education is made up of kindergarten schools, nursery and primary schools. Single-sex school system boosts intellectual attainment. Girls do not feel repressed or constrained in this environment. Gender bias and lack of attention to girls by teachers are not evident in single-gender schools, unlike in a mixed school. Girls in this school get motivated and receive broad experiences (Hill, 1993, p. 156). There is implementation of culture-centered models in the single-sex system. The system centers on the... This essay approves that the effectiveness of a girl child from a single-sex school going to a mixed-sex higher school is slow and often leads to a poor showing of performance by the girl child. Girls who come from Middle East and attended primary education in their native country will have a lot of difficult in class. For one to be effective in any field, experience and habits are very essential to such people. Being used to a scenario will promote the behavior of a person. Mixed-sex higher school is effective to the girl child from the single-sex school. This is because there is no close correlation between gender and performance. Girls have the ability to perform well in any system no matter the environment. Mixed higher learning will give the girl child the strength to compete favorably well with the boy child. Since, the system is in the higher level it does not have any bearing in the performance of the girls. Studies show that the coeducational system is the most efficient as it gives both gender the opportunity to engage and find solve the problems facing them as members of different gender. This report makes a conclusion that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Girls from the single sex schools will not be effective in their studies when they are taken to mixed higher learning in the Middle East. The traditions, values and the environment they are used to form a big base of their success. It does not matter the essence of gender, girls will do and perform normally whether in single-sex schools or the mixed-gender schools.

Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Environmental Issues - Essay Example Taking for instance, Donald Mitchell argument on a supporting statement from World Bank report (2008). He insists that as much as several factors contributing to the increase in food prices from January 2002 to June 2008, the senior most contributing factor is attributed to large increase in bio-fuels productions from oilseeds and grains in the U.S and E.U that has increased the demand of these products while reducing supplies of wheat and crops that compete with food commodities used as bio-fuels. This has lead to land use changes in wheat and maize exporting countries shifting towards plantation of oilseeds for bio-fuel production resulting to shrunk wheat and maize production hence witnessing rise in wheat and maize prices. Donald also supports his claims from (FAPRI, 2008) that food prices have also increased due to expansion of bio-diesel production and higher costs of bio-fuel production. On the contrary, Keith sharply disagrees by arguing that the impact of bio-fuel production is much less than alarmist claim (2009). Keith K. et al rather claims that there would be greater impact if bio-fuels development focused on converting bio-waste, fast growing trees and grass into fuel. According to him, increased food prices arise out of increased demands in emerging economies, drought in food exporting countries, global warming, and market-distorting subsidies. In fact a supporting report from U.S department of agriculture (USDA) calculated that bio-fuel production only contributed to 5% of the 45% increase in global food prices. Additionally, bio-fuel crops provide alternative diversities that boost rural perennial incomes therefore reducing international burning that contributes to global warming. It hence addresses efficient production and utilization of bio-fuels, global mismanagement of land, stabilization of land cover, protection of biodiversity and improving water quality. From my point of view I would agree to the fact that bio-fuels indeed contribute to increasing food prices and other environmental drawbacks. Supporting arguments, according to Robin Maynard, when food and fuel compete for farmland, food prices will rise drastically and the poor will suffer as well as rainforests (2007). Additionally, Renton emphasizes that when forests are cleared, to create space for bio-fuel crops, they no longer serve as â€Å"carbon sinks† therefore leading to global warming as it takes longer for the benefits of bio-fuel crops to be noticeable (2007). The bio-fuel crops also displace natural ecosystems and destroy habitat for several species. Bio-fuels hence will maintain as a contributive factor to increasing food prices. Issue 12 - Nuclear Power The debate over use of nuclear power sparked out of its negative connotations in the past that threatened the survival and future of the world during the world war, nuclear disasters and links to chronic fatal diseases. Discussion have also arisen out of the proponents that nuclear power can be economical, safe and a clean form of energy. From these proponents there are disagreements amongst scholars on the question of nuclear energy. Lain Murray for instance has a positive position on use of nuclear power. He argues that the worlds experience shows it to be both safe and reliable. Supporting documents such as the Congregation Budget Office

The 21st Century Management Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The 21st Century Management Practice - Essay Example It includes holistic thinking as borrowed from disciplines such as sociology, biology, natural sciences, and control engineering. Therefore, this was an important course in providing critical systems thinking that brings coherence to varied system approaches, advising managers on their use in an organizational setting. One of the most crucial aspects of management I have learned from this course is that management is political and organizations are political fields. As indicated by Bolman and Deal (2013), managers do not have all the powers they would wish to and as such would have to deal with organizations’ political issues. Successful leaders would use politics for the benefit of the organization. They set the agenda that would address concerns of all stakeholders, map the political terrain to identify power resources, interests and major players and network and build coalitions to influence and facilitate negotiations. Additionally, the political aspects of managers would enable them to make ethical and effective choices and bargain and negotiate to ensure win-win situations (Ferris & Treadway, 2012). I now appreciate political skills as critical skills for successful managers. This is what gets them the desired performance. This acknowledgment of managers as being political further made me understand the perception of organizations as political fields. This is because of the contest among various agendas and interests, with each aimed at a given purpose. Managers have their own agendas which could be to lead the employees successfully and impress the shareholders with better returns on their investments. Shareholders look at an opportunity to make wealth from the organization while employees look at earning a living. Other stakeholders, including debtors, creditors, and advertisers among others, also have their interests in their organizations. With these interests interacting, there tend to be contested, thus the political nature of organizations. Thus, Bolman and Deal (2013) encourage managers to appreciate their role in shaping this political field, the contestants and the way the game would be played. To do so, managers need to be firm and accept conflicts, while attending to ethics and values. Furthermore, I learned that management requires creativity in viewing problems in management and finding ways to resolve them. Through creativity, problems in management would be perceived as being interdependent hence a more wholesome approach to the problem. This allows for a combination of various approaches to solving management problems. It provides a divergent approach to thinking of an organization from that of the hierarchical structure to the adoption of various images representing the organization. These metaphors include organizations as psychic prisons, machines and flux and transformation (Jackson, 2003). Other metaphors include organism, culture, carnivals, instruments of domination and brains. This course provided an insightful understanding of the importance of human resource in an organization. It provided the knowledge of investing in people in an organization through empowering and constantly developing employees. This course also made me appreciate the importance of participation and autonomy of employees in their roles and responsibilities (Bolman & Deal, 2013).

Bio-ethanol Production by Using Oil Palm Frond Juice (OPFJ)

Bio-ethanol Production by Using Oil Palm Frond Juice (OPFJ) OBJECTIVES To enhance bioethanol production using OPFJ as substrate To optimized biotehanol production using various fermentation mode INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH BACKGROUND Brazil and USA is the first producers with the world ethyl alcohol production about 51000 mills liters with an average of 73% of produces ethanol worldwide corresponds to fuel ethanol, 17% to beverage ethanol and 10% to industrial ethanol (Eufrozina NIGA, 2009). Bio-ethanol can be a product from an edible source which known as first generation bio-ethanol such as sugarcane and corns. Second generation of bio-ethanol is from lignocelluloses biomass is from non-edible source such as palm oil biomass. This make second generation of bio-ethanol is a better choice to replace fossil fuel without disturbing food sources. By converting the waste into valuable product we can reduce the environmental problem. Lignocelluloses material contain about 50% 60% carbohydrate in the form of cellulose and hemicelluloses which may be fermented to ethanol and 20%-35% of lignin (Mats Galbe et al, 2007). Nowadays palm oil tree is one of the main source for the production of bio-ethanol but there are not m uch attention is been given to oil palm sap which are product that come from the tree component such as oil palm trunk and oil palm fronds. Malaysia is the world’s largest exporter of palm oil product. Malaysia produces a large amount of agro-industrial residue with oil palm industry itself produced about 33 million tons of residues annually in the form of empty fruit bunch, fiber and shell (MPOB, 2009; Mohamed and Lee, 2006). Malaysia has produced about 51 million tons of oil palm fronds with 53% of the total palm biomass in year 2008 (Goh et al, 2010; MPOB, 2009). Bio-fuel that produces from palm oil tree is an environmental friendly therefore many interest are being shown to this sources. Mostly, the major parts of the solid biomass from the oil palm tree are being leave behind on the plantation is to be found as oil palm fronds. It has been reported that about 46837K tons of oil palm fronds has been produced in Malaysia in the year 2007 as an agriculture wastes. Palm oil frond is one of the useful raw materials for the production of bio-ethanol which is environmental friendly way. Pre-treatment of the oil palm frond need to be done to achieve a good bio-ethanol production. However, ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is relatively expensive because of the latest technologies. The main contradict are low yield and cost of the hydrolysis process (Sun and Cheng, 2002). Thus, oil palm frond juice is being introduced as another source for the production of bio-ethanol. Previous study has been shown that oil palm juice is suitable to used as fermentation feedstock because there was no inhibition on microbial growth or product formation, there were no impurities, it was easy to be operated, and it had no risk on health and safety (Zahari et al, 2012). Oil palm frond sap has been proved by Zahari et al. (2012) contains high sugar content which is 76.09 Â ± 2.85 g/l. There has been reported by Eze and Ogan (1988) that sucrose is the dominant sugar in the oil palm frond sap that consist of 10% w/v, as for glucose and fructose consist of et al, 2010. However in Malaysia, a study shows that glucose is the dominant sugar in the oil palm sap (Kosugi et al., 2010). Since there are many studies show that oil palm juice contains higher sugar content, a high level of the production of bio-ethanol from oil palm sap is further study. A study by Nwachukwu (2008) shows that improving yeast resistance by protoplast fusion increased yields of ethanol by 16% v/v. Apart from that, types of fermentation also one of the factor that improve the production of bio-ethanol. Thus, this project aim is to increase the yield of the bio-ethanol production using oil palm frond juice by various type of fermentation process. PROBLEM STATEMENT Uses of natural sources like petroleum is been used over the decades and the demand of this sources are being increases from time to time. Over the century, there are an increasing of energy consumption with the increasing of world population, thus more growing countries become industrialized which there are possibility that the sources will be depleted one day. Apart from that, petroleum is harmful to human and environment and with the increasing of fossil fuel will lead to increasing of carbon dioxide that eventually leads to global warming issue. Thus, an alternative sources of the fuels is been quest to overcome the shortness of the fossil fuels. Bio-ethanol is one of the solutions to this problem. This is because bio-ethanol is a form of renewable energy source which are easy available, low cost and most efficient bio-fuel. Bio-ethanol offers a great advantages because it can be produced from various feedstock such as corn, sugarcane, red seaweed part sugar beet and many more (M ohd Dinie et al, 2013).Apart from that , bio-ethanol help in reducing air pollution and carbon dioxide accumulation. Nowadays, high demands of fuel are been constantly increase over the world. Brazil is been known as the largest producer of the sugarcane and a most competitive producer of the bio-ethanol in the world. The arises of bio-ethanol from sugarcane is a prove that energy sources are being run out and constant increasing of fuel cars around the world. Fossil energy gives an impact to the atmosphere because the burning of the petroleum result in increasing of carbon dioxide emission to the environment which is the main causes of greenhouse effect. Production of bio-ethanol is increase significantly because many countries are looking for reducing oil imports, increasing rural economies and for better air quality (Eufrozina NIGA, 2009). 4.0Â  METHOD 4.1Â  Raw material preparation and Juice Clarification. (Potential Utilization of Sap from Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) for Lactic Acid Production by Lactobacillus casei by S. Chooklin et al, 2011) Oil palm frond (OPF) will be harvest from oil palm tree from a local oil palm plantation. The leaves from the frond will be cut off and discard. The harvest OPF will be press using sugar-cane machine press as soon as possible after the frond was harvested. OPF juice produced will be collect and filtered using coffee filter. The filtered OPF juice will be centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes. Supernatant will be stored at -20Â °C before use. 4.2 OPF Juice Sugar Composition (Ethanol Production Using Immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Lyophilized Cellulose Gel by Eleonora Winkelhausen et al, May 2010) HPLC type:HPLC (Shimadzu Japan ), equipped with refractive index Detector Type of column: APS-Hypersil column ( diameter of 250mm x 46mm) Mobile phase:70% Acetonitrile and 30% de-ionized water Column temperature:40Â °C with maximum operating temperature of 80Â °C Flow rate: 0.6 ml/min Sample volume: 20Â µl Pressure: 10MPa 4.3Â  Pure Culture Establishment (Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana 2010) (Isolation of Microorganism from Oil Palm Sap by Nurul Nadia Ummira, 2011) 100mL of the Nutrient Broth Medium supplemented with g/L; Yeast Extract, 5; Peptone, 10 and 15% of glucose solution, 50 (Jamaludin, 2010) will be measured in a 250mL conical flask and will be autoclaved at 121 C in 15 minutes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae will be subculture into the Nutrient Broth. The mixture will be incubated for 24 hours at 150 rpm, 30oC. The suspension obtained will be subculture on the Nutrient Agar slant and will be incubated for another 2-3 days. The Nutrient Agar slants will be stored in refrigerator at 4oC. 4.4 Inoculums preparation (Study On Bio ethanol Production From Oil Palm Trunk (OPT) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana 2010) (Optimization study of ethanol fermentation from oil palm trunk, rubber wood and mixed hardwood hydrolysates using Saccharomyces cerevisiae by K.L. Chin et al , 2010) About 3 4 loop of pure culture will be transferred from agar slant into 100 mL of sterile Nutrient Broth in 250 ml conical flask plug with sterile cotton. The flask will be incubated for 24 hours at 30Â °C and 150 rpm until reach standard initial concentration. The cell concentration will be standardized to 0.2 0.4 g/L (OD = 4.2) determined by turbidimetry at 600 nm. 4.5 Fermentation a) Batch fermentation will be performed for the optimization of bio-ethanol production. b) 20% (v/v) of inoculums size will be inoculated into the bioreactor with the condition of pH 4.5 and temperature of 30Â ºC , air flow rate of 1 vvm, agitation of 200 rpm with the initial 02 concentration of 30 %. c) The fermentation process will be carried out for 42 hour and sample will be taken out every 3 hour and analyze for bio-ethanol production, sugar and cell biomass. d) All experiment will be run in triplicate. 4.5.1Â  Batch fermentation. 4.5.1.1Â  Effect of sugar concentration (Effect of Cultural Conditions on Ethanol Production by Locally Isolated Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Bio-07 by Arifa Tahir et al, 2010) OPF juice volume use will be varied in the range of 30% to 50%. (30%, 40%, 50%) 4.5.1.2Â  Effect of agitation speed (Optimization of Fermentation Medium for the Production of Ethanol from Jaggery Using Box-Behnken Design by Mary Anupama.P et al 2010) The fermentation will be carried out at different agitation rate in the range of 125 rpm to 175 rpm. (125, 150, 175) 4.5.2Â  Fed Batch fermentation 4.5.2.1Â  Effect of feeding rate (Production of Ethanol by Fed- Batch Fermentation by Ngoh Gek Cheng et al, 2009) The fed batch fermentation will be run according to the best optimized condition from the batch fermentation condition. Substrate will be feed continuously into the bioreactor using peristaltic pump at glucose concentration (glucose concentration from OPFJ?) varying from 2 ml to 8 ml at feeding rate of 2 ml/h . (2 ml , 4 ml, 8 ml) 4.5.2.2Â  Effect of feed time (Production of Ethanol by Fed- Batch Fermentation by Ngoh Gek Cheng et al, 2009) a) Substrate will be feed from the interval of every one hour to three hour at feeding rate of 2 ml/h. ( 1 hour , 2 hour , 3 hour ) 4.6Â  Harvesting (Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana, 2010) Each batch of fermentation will be terminated according to optimized time period. b) Sample (15 ml) will be taken out and the samples will be kept in refrigerator at 4oC before analyze for bio-ethanol production, sugar and cell biomass. 4.7Â  Yeast strain and it improvement (High-level Production of Ethanol during Fed Batch Ethanol Fermentation with a Controlled Aeration Rate and Non-Sterile Glucose Powder Feeding of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Hyen-beom-seo et al, 2009) a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae will be growth on Nutrient Broth (yeast extracts, 10g/l; peptone, 20g/l; glucose, 20g/l and agar, 20g/l) slant in a 30 ml universal bottle. b) The slant culture will be exposed with UV light (6 watt, 254nm) for 15 second interval at a distance of approximately 7 cm from the slant. c) A loopful of irradiated slant culture will be streak onto a Nutrient Broth agar plate and subsequently incubated for 3 days at 27Â ºC. d) After that the colonies will be incubated in Nutrient Broth medium containing 100 g/l of ethanol at 27Â ºC while shaking at 100 rpm for 5 days to select resistance colonies. 4.8 Analysis method 4.8.1 Sugar content by HPLC (Oil Palm Fronds Juice as Future Fermentation substrate: A Feasibility Study by Che Mohd Hakiman Che Maail et al, 2014) HPLC type:HPLC (Shimadzu Japan ), equipped with refractive index Detector Type of column: APS-Hypersil column ( diameter of 250mm x 46mm) Mobile phase:70% Acetonitrile and 30% de-ionized water Column temperature:40Â °C with maximum operating temperature of 80Â °C Flow rate: 0.6 ml/min Sample volume: 20Â µl Pressure: 10MPa 4.8.2Â  Cell dry determination (Study on Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap by Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7 by Nina Farhana 2010) Cell suspension will be vaccum-filtered using 0.45Â µm filter paper Cell suspension for each samples will have to be rinsed 2x with distilled water. Each sample will be dried at 70Â °C more than 24 hours until constant weight achieved. Dried filter paper will be weighed on a analytical balance to measure the biomass. 4.8.3 Ethanol concentration using GC (Production of Ethanol by Fed –Batch Fermentation by Ngoh Gek Cheng et al, 2009) Column : RT-Q-BOND (inner diameter of 0.32 mm) Carrier gas: Helium gas Detector: Flame ionization detector (FID) Temperature : 200 C Flow rate : 21.9 mL/min Pressure : 71.1 kPa Holding time : 5 minutes % bioethanol yield is calculated using this formula: 5.9 OPTIMIZATION OF ETHANOL FERMENTATION RSM analysis will be conducted using Design Expert Software. The optimized parameters will be verified by running the new fermentation as suggested. 6.0 ANALYSIS The significance of difference between each test variable will be determined using one way ANOVA analysis and Least Significance Test, computed using SPSS version 21.0 software. All tests will be done with a confidence interval of 95%. 7.0Â  REFERENCES Ngoh Gek Cheng, M. H., Andri Chahyo Kumoro, Tham, C. F. L. A. M. 2009. Production of Ethanol by Fed-Batch Fermentation. Pertanika J. Sci. Technol., 17, 399 – 408. Hyeon-Beom Seo, Seung Seop Kim,Hyoen0Yong Lee and Kyung Hwan Jung (2009).High level Production of Ethanol during Fed-Batch Ethanol Fermentation with a controlled Aeration Rate and Non-Sterile Glucose Powder Feeding of Saccharomyces cerevisie .Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering,14, 591-598. Jamaludin, N. F. M. 2010. Study On Bioethanol Production From Oil Palm Trunk (Opt) Sap By Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Kyokai No.7(ATCC 26422). Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Biotechnology), Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Zahari, M. A., Zakaria, M. R., Ariffin, H., Mokhtar, M. N., Salihon, J., Shirai, Y. Hassan, M. A. 2012. Renewable sugars from oil palm frond juice as an alternative novel fermentation feedstock for value-added products. Bioresour Technol, 110, 566-71. Che Mohd Hakiman Che Maail, Hidayah Ariffin,Mohd Ali Hassan,Umi Kalsom Shah and Yoshihito Shirai (2014).Oil Palm Frond Juice as Future Fermentation Substrate : A Feasibility Study.Bioresource Technology,110,566-71. Miller, G.L., Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar,Anal. Chem.,31,426, 1959. GANTT CHART AND MILESTONES

The finacial crisi of the French Revolution :: essays research papers

â€Å"How Serious Was The Pre-Revolutionary Financial Crisis Between 1786-88, And How Significant Was The Clash Between The Notables And Calonne In Failing To Solve It?† On the twentieth of august 1786 Charles Alexandre de Calonne, comptroller-general of the royal finances, informed King Louis XVI that the state was on the verge of a financial meltdown. Whilst not having exact details to the financial figures to show the full extent of the problem, it is never the less recognized that France was in serious financial difficulty. What then did Calonne propose to sort this financial mess out? How was he to convince the King and the Notables that France was in financial danger and to give backing to his solutions? This essay will attempt to answer such questions by examining the financial crisis France was in and by looking at Calonne’s proposals in which to solve it. We shall also examine his failure to convince the Notables and the steps to his acrimonious dismissal. First then lets look at the financial situation: according to Calonnes calculations the total revenue for France in 1786 would amount to 475 million livres. The problem was though, that expenditure would come to a total of approximately 587 million livres. That meant a deficit of 112 million – roughly a fifth of the entire annual revenue. This rise in deficit was due to a huge increase in state borrowing since 1777. As a result of the huge amounts of money the state was borrowing there was also the huge rise in the annual interest and repayments that the treasury had to dispurse. Indeed since 1777, Calonne claimed that ariubd 1,250 million livres had been borrowed. A lot of this borrowing was due to financing the various wars that French kings of the eighteenth century were prone to fighting. The last one, French involvement in the American Civil War between 1778-83, had a crippling effect on the economy and was substantial in rendering it down to the situation that Calonne ha d announced to Louis XVI. What then did the comptroller-general propose to do? To be fair to Calonne he was not lucky enough to have a myriad of options for him to work with. For instance it would be natural to think that in a time of economic crisis, an increase in tax would be an obvious step- yet not so for Calonne. France was already regarded as one of the most highly taxed states in Europe, and the average Frenchman was already feeling the burden of the Kings’ borrowing. The finacial crisi of the French Revolution :: essays research papers â€Å"How Serious Was The Pre-Revolutionary Financial Crisis Between 1786-88, And How Significant Was The Clash Between The Notables And Calonne In Failing To Solve It?† On the twentieth of august 1786 Charles Alexandre de Calonne, comptroller-general of the royal finances, informed King Louis XVI that the state was on the verge of a financial meltdown. Whilst not having exact details to the financial figures to show the full extent of the problem, it is never the less recognized that France was in serious financial difficulty. What then did Calonne propose to sort this financial mess out? How was he to convince the King and the Notables that France was in financial danger and to give backing to his solutions? This essay will attempt to answer such questions by examining the financial crisis France was in and by looking at Calonne’s proposals in which to solve it. We shall also examine his failure to convince the Notables and the steps to his acrimonious dismissal. First then lets look at the financial situation: according to Calonnes calculations the total revenue for France in 1786 would amount to 475 million livres. The problem was though, that expenditure would come to a total of approximately 587 million livres. That meant a deficit of 112 million – roughly a fifth of the entire annual revenue. This rise in deficit was due to a huge increase in state borrowing since 1777. As a result of the huge amounts of money the state was borrowing there was also the huge rise in the annual interest and repayments that the treasury had to dispurse. Indeed since 1777, Calonne claimed that ariubd 1,250 million livres had been borrowed. A lot of this borrowing was due to financing the various wars that French kings of the eighteenth century were prone to fighting. The last one, French involvement in the American Civil War between 1778-83, had a crippling effect on the economy and was substantial in rendering it down to the situation that Calonne ha d announced to Louis XVI. What then did the comptroller-general propose to do? To be fair to Calonne he was not lucky enough to have a myriad of options for him to work with. For instance it would be natural to think that in a time of economic crisis, an increase in tax would be an obvious step- yet not so for Calonne. France was already regarded as one of the most highly taxed states in Europe, and the average Frenchman was already feeling the burden of the Kings’ borrowing.

Jim the idiot

One of the many things we should thank God most for in this life is His amazing grace. His grace saves us from despair and ruin, it grows within us as we learn more about Him and it sustains as we go through life and Into eternity. While the Lords forgiveness shows in a variety of ways, I believe His saving, growing and sustaining grace are the three most significant demonstrations of His mercy.God willingly chose to give up his life In Heaven so that He could come down on this sinful Earth In unman form before dying a horrible death on the cross to save all those who love Him. Helping not only as a redeeming factor in our lives but in also making us acceptable to Him, God uses His saving grace to wash away our sins. God lets us know that He always has us in His hands, protecting us from harm.Without our Saviors endless compassion and mercy we would have no chance of surviving this life and spending eternity In Heaven with Him would be impossible. As we acquire more knowledge about G od, the more His grace expands in every aspect of our lives. However, in order for His grace to grow and for Him to become a bigger part in our ivies we need to humble ourselves and accept Him as our one and 11 only Lord. If we truly want to see how much mercy He has for us, we have to have a deep interest in acquiring more knowledge about God and His works.When we grow with Christ we'll experience greater Joy In the smaller, simpler things In this life as God will make Himself more apparent in them. Sustaining grace holds as God's answer to the painful circumstances in life that we go through. We need to remember that no matter what God will always love us and that He has infinite amounts of love and mercy for His children. Whatever we are owing through, God will stand 100% behind us and will always get us out safely. Even If we do not see It, His grace dwells with us forever. No temptation has overtaken you that Is not common to man. God is faithful, and He will not let you be tem pted beyond your ability, but with the temptation He will also provide the way of escape, that you may be able to endure it. † 1 Corinthians 10:13 ultimately, there are many ways in which God shows us His amazing grace in our lives, and if we pay attention to the work He does around us we will definitely see throughout eternity. God's grace truly amazes me.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Quotes

Ralph Waldo Emerson Quotes Character ArtArt is the path of the creator to his work. ChallengeAs long as a man stands in his own way, everything seems to be in his way. BeliefBelief consists in accepting the affirmations of the soul; unbelief in denying them. CharacterCharacter is higher than intellect. A great soul will be strong to live as well to think. ArtClassic art was the art of necessity: modern romantic art bears the stamp of caprice and chance. CommitmentConcentration is the secret of strength in politics, in war, in trade, in short in all management of human affairs. AttitudeCoolness and absence of heat and haste indicate fine qualities. AdventureDo not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. CharacterEach man takes care that his neighbor shall not cheat him. But a day comes when he begins to care that he does not cheat his neighbor. Then all goes well - he has changed his market-cart into a chariot of the sun. ConfidenceEvery man has his own courage, and is betrayed because he seeks in himself the courage of other people. AmbitionHitch your wagon to a star. CharacterIf you would lift me up you must be on higher ground. CharacterIf you would not be known to do anything, never do it. ChallengeIt was high counsel that I once heard given to a young person: Always do what you are afraid to do. CharacterJudge of your natural character by what you do in your dreams. CharacterMake the most of yourself, for that is all there is of you. CharacterNo change of circumstances can repair a defect of character. AmbitionNo one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourself. CalmnessNothing can bring you peace but yourself; nothing, but the triumph of principles. CalmnessPeace cannot be achieved through violence, it can only be attained through understanding. BeliefSelf-trust is the essence of heroism. ConfidenceSelf-trust is the first secret of success. BirthdaySo much of our time is preparation, so much is routine, and so much retrospect, that the path of each mans genius contracts itself to a very few hours. AdventureThe invariable mark of wisdom is to see the miraculous in the common. ArtThe sower may mistake and sow his peas crookedly; the peas make no mistake, but come up and show his line. AttitudeThis time like all times is a very good one if we but know what to do with it AttitudeTo be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment. BeliefTo believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in our private heart is for all men - that is genius. AttitudeTo different minds, the same world is a hell, and a heaven. AmbitionWe aim above the mark to hit the mark. AttitudeWhat lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us. CharacterWhat you do speaks so loud that I cannot hear what you say. ActionWhat you do speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say CommunicationWho you are is speaking so loudly that I cant hear what youre saying. CharacterWho you are speaks so loudly I cant hear what youre saying. AmbitionWithout ambition one starts nothing. Without work one finishes nothing. The prize will not be sent to you. You have to win it. CommitmentYou cannot do a kindness too soon, for you never know how soon it will be too late. AttitudeYour own mind is a sacred enclosure into which nothing harmful can enter except by your permission.

Legalizing drugs or not essays

Legalizing drugs or not essays The question to legalize drugs is not a hard one. Drugs are one of the most common used illicit items in the United States today. Legalizing drugs or not has been questioned and discussed so often on television, books, and newspapers. Gore Vidal noted in Drugs Simply make all drugs available and sell them at cost. However, simply because of the lack of researching and the misunderstanding of the usage and effect of drugs, the writer misdirected his readers on the issue of drug legalization. First of all, writer pointed out that marijuana is actually not dangerous. However, earlier research has found that smoking marijuana increases the chance of developing cancer of the head or neck. In fact, marijuana smoke contains 50 to 70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than tobacco smoke does. People who smoke marijuana inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco smokers do, which increases the lungs exposure to carcinogenic smoke. These facts suggest that, unquestionably, smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than smoking tobacco and cause great damage to the body which rejects the writers idea of marijuana is not dangerous. The writer also stated that marijuana is not addictive. Experts who worked on the Center for substance Abuse Treatment project consider however consider marijuana both psychologically and physiologically addictive. Over 52 percent of the youthful marijuana users who were involved in this project were shown to have dependence problem after using marijuana which rejects writers idea of marijuana as non-addictive substances and proves that the writer is misleading his reader on the drug legalization issue. As many would probably point out that the United State was the creation of men who believed that each man has the right to do what he wants with his own life ...

Views of the Essence of Numbers over the Course of History Essay

Views of the Essence of Numbers over the Course of History - Essay Example The second is the idea that mathematics and numbers are simply a way of interpreting and interacting with arbitrarily defined symbols, and that holds their only usefulness (36). The final is the idea of the logicians led by Russel, who claim that mathematics are useful because the universe is structured in a logically coherent way, and mathematics are thus simply an expression of that logic (36). The latter two theories have enough holes in them that they have been considered disproven, so many mathematical philosophers rely on the first, Platonic theory to describe the role of numbers in our universe. This, however, is completely un-provable, and sidesteps around the problem of describing what numbers are without actually explaining anything; if numbers are simply things that exist in another realm, that is not philosophically useful and thus not a very compelling theory. I believe that numbers and mathematics actually need to be explained by a new theory, and that while we currentl y do not have a completely formulated theory to explain what numbers are and how mathematics work, each of the aforementioned theories has some of the components that a complete theory of mathematics must have. The single biggest problem with the Platonic theory is its lack of utility. Its main usefulness is in the fact that it describes mathematical principles as being fundamentally true based on their existence in the Platonic realm, allowing mathematicians to pursue their goals unhindered by doubt. The theory, however, is impossible to prove, because if numbers exist in a non physical realm that has no contact with our own then it obviously cannot be observed (36). The theory that numbers exist in a non-physical realm is just as useful and un-proveable as the theory that numbers exist only in physical form inside of black holes; it could be true, but if so, who cares? This theory does, however, hold one of the fundamental principles that must be in any theory of numbers, which is the idea that numbers, even though they may certainly not exist in any kind of physical way, are real. Their interaction with the physical world, such as the fact that one can use numbers to plot a path to the moon, execute that plot and then end up on the moon, shows that there is something fundamentally real. So while the Platonic theory is fundamentally marred by its lack of usefulness and the impossibility of proving (or disproving) its accuracy, its assertion that numbers are real in some way must be part of any eventual theory of numbers. Without numbers being real things no theory of mathematics is complete. Like the platonic theory of numbers, formalism, which states that mathematics are simply a series of series of convention governing symbols (36), has both problematic and useful components for creating a useful theory of numbers. The fundamental problem with formalism is that it fails to account for the fact that, as shown above, numbers do have some relationship to real ity. It is useful, however, in admitting the failings of numbers when applied to the real world. Numbers, when interacting with physical bodies, rely fundamentally on human conceptions and sensibilities. For example: when a person sees two coins, they can say that there are two coins and in some senses be correct. The problem, however, is that this relies on a human made category of what constitutes a â€Å"coin.† When someone shaves a small amount off of one of the coins,

Is the punishment of Prometheus in Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound just or Essay

Is the punishment of Prometheus in Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound just or unjust How does the play itself define justice - Essay Example To be just is to act in total obedience to the will of Zeus, because men are not free, but only Zeus is: â€Å"Why, all things are a burden save to rule/ Over the Gods; for none is free but Zeus† (Aeschylus). On the other hand the play also points to another conception of justice, and that is justice in reference to how men and gods honor the value of friendship, and in the way actions of gods and men favor the development of men, the intellect, and human reason, over the arbitrary whims of a god like Zeus who has no regard for any of that. In this second sense then one can say that the punishment of Prometheus, who gave men the gifts of fire, hope, and the many different arts that have helped human civilization progress against blind and furious nature, and who helped Zeus besides in Zeus’ battle against the Titan, that that punishment is unjust. The rest of the paper develops this idea (Aeschylus; Allen; Irby-Massey). II. On the Justice of the Punishment Meted on Prom etheus by Zeus In the beginning of the play we see that Prometheus was being punished, and that continuing punishment throughout the play also consisted in his public humiliation. The continued messages that Zeus sent to him while tied to a rock, through Zeus’ messengers in a way is also a form of punishment, of the gods sending messages to the chained intellect and human power. The crime, of course, consists in Aeschylus making use of his intellect and his developed abilities to give men not only hope but also the gift of fire, and with it we see later in the play that Prometheus further gifted man with the knowledge to better himself and his society, through the medical arts and the other beneficial sciences. This is a sin to Zeus and the gods, who seemed intent to keep men in an inferior and totally supplicated state in relation to them, totally dependent and obedient to whim. On the other hand, Prometheus’ gifts to men threatened to make them independent and in con trol of their fates, even in control of nature and its whims, as proxy of the gods itself. The continuing sin moreover is the defiance and the pride of Prometheus against his punishment and against Zeus himself and his agents. Instead of currying the favor of Zeus and asking for his mercy, Prometheus chooses to stand defiant and to find his comfort in the company of his friends. We see here two conceptions of justice, one in the eyes of the gods and the faithful and obedient servants of the gods, who see justice as what they see as fitting, what they want. Justice is the will of the gods, and the place of men is to obey that will, no matter how arbitrary and whimsical. The second conception of justice on the other hand takes into consideration human welfare, human progress, and values such as friendship and loyalty to friends, the trust in the wisdom of men and the capacity of men to better themselves. Justice in this second sense is also friendship with men and caring for their ind ependence and capacity for self-reliance. Hence we make sense of the fire from Prometheus as in keeping with this intent. In this second sense it is the actions of Prometheus which are just and the actions of Zeus, who went against friendship values and who punished Prometheus, even though Prometheus helped Zeus to

COE Framework And Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix Assignment

COE Framework And Ethical Dispositions Comparison Matrix - Assignment Example I have ranked the issue of Mastery of Content at number two because these are the fundamentals of any successful learning program. For professional educators to align themselves with facts and deliver without bias, a mastery of important concepts and principles is key. According to Mowchan et al. (2015), "Any professional service provider, in this case, professional educators, should conduct business with objectivity, avoiding conflict of interest or personal prejudice and should not intentionally mislead others, for this case students." â€Å"Learners will align educational objectives to content and professional education standards, as well as design formative and summative assessments including rubrics that analyze student learning and teacher effectiveness.† (COE-GCU Framework, 2011) I have rated Student Learning and Teacher effectiveness at number three because this relationship fosters coherence and important shared values. The professional educator can be able to understand the diversity of cultures through such formative assessments that are more certainly than not set by both parties. In a research conducted by Cannaerts et al., 2014 indicated that ethics education was best attained through ethics learning integrated through a curriculum that was learner based. Learning based on diversity of views enhances active participation that is more efficient (Ann, 2013).

Reforms in China Essay Example for Free

Reforms in China Essay Many reforms have been introduced in China since it attained its independence but the most significant ones took place after 1978. These reforms are very popular in the history of China as the economic transformation is all attributed to them. The need to introduce the reforms was the urgent political as well as economic urgency to revive the Chinese economy which was headed for doom. Communism failed to see the country realize its goals of industrialization. Instead it had seen the country compromise its food security and it was clear that development would not be realized self sufficiently. There was need to introduce new and different policies to help change the country’s economy. The reforms were successful in the sense that they liberalized prices, diversified the banking systems and promoted the development of the private sector which was almost inexistent. The state sectors would gain increased autonomy and would operate in a free economy as a way of increasing their efficiency. Despite all these positive effects of the reforms, important issues that emerge calling for serious or vital considerations if they are to be addressed effectively. This paper aims at classifying the CPS reform strategy and establishing if it is a sinified socialist or an authoritarian developmentalist. CPS reform strategy is authoritarian developmentalistic in nature. The reforms have been successful in improving the people’s standards of living and as Randall explain in his book China Modernizes Threat to the West or model to the rest? the life expectancy rate has risen. (Peerenboom, 2007). China has been registering economic growth year after year and this is expected to go on for quite a long time. It has promoted trade liberalization and embraced capitalism but the role of the state is also significant and cannot be undermined. The state is responsible for the regulation as well as the control of important sectors of the economy. It also ensures that the conditions are effective for the effective operations of business. Privatization was to be encouraged with the introduction of the reforms. It strengthened the private sector which was almost inexistent during the era of communism. The reforms have brought about mixed feelings to the Chinese people. Despite the economic benefits that came with the reforms it is argued that they brought about separation or segregation among the Chinese people. China introduced the reform as it wanted to revive the economy as well as to increase its independence where the aspect of foreign dominance would be eliminated. The political leaders at the time internalized the need for intensive economic development and there were focused to enhancing industrialization. A socialist nation is one where the state has much control over almost all aspects. Such systems are condemned in the sense that they create minimal incentives to encourage innovation. In general, the issue of efficiency is one that raises much concern in as far as such states are concerned. With the reforms the government control on prices would be minimized and consequently the market distortions that were caused would be eliminated. If power is decentralized the various levels of government would have the autonomy necessarily to enable them work effectively and efficiently. Allowing state corporations to operate within the limits of the market forces of demand and supply would see to it that prices reflected the actual prices. It is this ideology that would enhance the effectiveness of such bodies. As China moved away from the initially practiced socialism it continued to undermine nationalism and the economic aspect was placed above the other aspects. The resultant effect of this practice was the intensive distortions in the economy as well as in the political arena. The popular values that ensured that the people’s interests remained the government’s major role were replaced by the need to develop. As Randall explains in his book China Modernizes Threat to the West or model to the rest? chapter four democracy in the Asian countries remains a highly debatable issue and it creates mixed reactions in people. The real sense of democracy does not seem to be felt as can be seen in the manner in which elections are carried out. In any democratic nations elections are carried out to let the people have a say in the matters concerning their nation. They act as a measure that checks on how a country is run. Good leaders are generally elected or re-elected to continue with the projects they have established. However, the manner in which most Asian countries conduct their elections is quite questionable and it raises concerns as to whether the main reason for the elections is to ensure that democracy prevails. They are characterized by chaos and people would go the extra mile of disrespecting the rule of law to secure their position in power. The response of the common man as regards to this issue is hostile in nature. If people are denied the right to freely and fairly participate in the running of their own nation then they end up opting for harsh measures. (Peerenboom, 2007). Tun-jen, Jacques and Deborah argue there is need to reform the political organization too. Power in China has not been reformed and the same powers that the first generation had are the same powers that the four generation has. (Huang, 2005). A good illustration to prove the reality of this statement is the fact that just as the earlier leaders had much power in as far as the military was concerned so are the current leaders. There is need to change the political system especially the party organizations. This would lead to their effectiveness in addressing issues as they emerge. The political leadership should move with the times as different times are characterized by different and unique issues. Tun-jen, Jacques and Deborah suggest that if the government is to regain its lost glory tarnished by the rampant corruption that jeopardizes its very legitimacy then the political leadership must be reformed. It must change in a manner that makes it relevant to the newly emerging situation. (Amin, 2005). The reforms can be explained as ‘authoritarian developmentalistic in nature. The political elite who form the government are committed to ensuring that development remains a highly valued national goal. To attain this goal they have set necessary institutions to design, implement the state led development projects. Although capitalism is embraced in such a state this is not without some restrictions. The institutions with the role of ensuring that policies set in place are geared towards the economic development of the nation makes it hard for other parties to make their contribution. This exclusivity of some institutions at that expense of the majority causes much conflicts or tension. The capitalism exercised in China is limited to the extent at which the state intervention is ensured. Policies that are allowed are those that pave way for rapid industrialization and more preference is given to the structures or institutions that would be of a positive impact in as far as economic development is concerned. The reforms failed to let the market operate effectively as with the mixed economy government control in market was inevitable. As Randall explains in his book China Modernizes Threat to the West or model to the rest? chapter four, bureaucratic privileges were not effectively addressed and the country’s power structure was not effectively addressed thus undermining democracy. As a result of this the common man feels detached from the same system that is supposed to ensure that his interests are amicably dealt with. The government has failed in fulfilling its responsibilities effectively as can be seen in the way it exhibits laxity in the implementation of laws that ensure the protection of its citizens. Public participation is highly disregarded in as far as policy making is concerned. The reforms were to bring about significant changes which should be felt by the entire system. (Peerenboom, 2007). Consequently there is need to implement changes in the legal as well as the political institutions. Some aspects of socialism should be adopted to ensure that economic development is not at the expense of the common man. For there to be effective development it is important that countries must embrace democracy. Whenever democracy is undermined then the chances for intensive demonstrations are increased and this is not good for the economy. If people are not allowed to have a say in their affairs they may opt for the harsh ways of expressing their views. Again, if consultation is not done the policies to be implemented may not necessarily the best for the people. Democracy invokes varying or rather conflicting views as some argue that its efficiency is correlated to state of the country in question. To this regard they argue that its effectiveness would be felt in the developed countries. (Peerenboom, 2007). However, in some developing countries with many groups where there is minimal chance of one group dominating the others it can well exercised. In the current position, democracy only works to benefit a few people in the society. The elite who stand a better position in society whether in the aspects of power or money tend to benefit at the expense of the majority poor. Democracy does not address the same issues it was introduced to deal with. In any cases it only works to perpetuate conflicts as the commoners will strive to use whichever means at their disposal to have their voice heard. The inefficiencies that ‘democracy’ is characterized with include the lack of transparency by the elite n society. This paves way for irregularities in the system as the political elites are not answerable to anyone. They are reluctant to meet the needs or interests of the people even though that is their major role. Another important characteristic of this democracy as explained by Randall in China Modernizes Threat to the West or model to the rest? is the poor dissemination of information. The reason behind such practice is the need to keep the people in the dark in the running of the state. As the saying goes, ‘what you do not know does not bother you’, if people are not aware of the actual evils of their systems then they would not air their views on the same. Again, if only the positive information is disseminated then the people are less likely to condemn the system or even make contributions in the running of the system. (Peerenboom, 2007). In chapter four of his book, China Modernizes Threat to the West or model to the rest? , Randall explains how China prides in the way it has successfully alleviated millions from poverty. However their efforts can be countered by the fact that it has not dealt with the issue of inequalities effectively as the gap between the haves and the have-nots is very wide. (Peerenboom, 2007). The government is however committed to ensuring that education and healthcare are given much priority and this can be seen in the introduction of free schooling and subsidized medical care in the rural areas. There exist significant disparities in as gender is concerned and women tend to for instance register higher illiteracy rates compared to men. The minorities also seems to have been neglected by the current system and thus there is need to address their interests. Although the Chinese people need to address the main issues affecting them especially the inequality and corruption such efforts are hindered by the lack of sufficient resources. The social groups that would have come in handy in enhancing this lack the financial power to operate effectively and efficiently. Randall in China Modernizes Threat to the West or model to the rest? describes the civil societies as too weak to meet their challenge. Jianfu Shen in his article, Population Growth, Ecological Degradation and Construction in the Western Region of China, the population growth is also an issue that the Chinese government should address. (Shen, 2004). It is critical for it to promote equality among its citizen so that it has a unified growth. The issue of inequality is also cited as one that calls for urgent redress by Tun-jen Cheng and others in China Under Hu Jintao: Opportunities, Dangers and Dilemmas, (Friedman, 2005). The issue of environmental degradation is also highlighted and it has intensified as industrialization continues to be embraced. In China the elections do not address the people’s problems. (Peerenboom, 2007). This is evident in the sense that the problems of inequality, corruption, poverty and human suffering are not resolved after elections. The elected government seems to forfeit its role in addressing the problems at hand. Politics is dominated by the political elite who are in close links with the business elite or are themselves in business. Money also plays an important role in influencing the elections as the affluent give money to attract more votes. The authoritarian developmentalistic reform strategy gives room for social evils like political violence as well as rampant corruption. Corruption is a major setback in China as Randall explains in chapter five of his book, China Modernizes Threat to the West or model to the rest? There is need to ensure that the existing institution especially the legal system reform so that they can effectively deal with it. The role of the legal system cannot be underestimated in as far as economic development is concerned. Law and order must be maintained to create conducive environments for the people. If the rule of law is well adhered to then the chances for corrupt dealings will be minimized to a large extent. The legal systems would ensure that property rights are respected and this will be effective in ensuring that businesses flourish. (Peerenboom, 2007). This paper has by and large explained the aftermath of the reforms as a way of defining the strategy’s position. The reforms produced varying effects as some benefited at the expense of others. Whether the reforms brought about economic growth is undisputable given the fact that they saw the country emerge from just another developing country to register an increment in the country’s GDP year after the other. Many people were relieved from poverty as their incomes rose and so did their standards of living. However there is another aspect of the reforms that is not only worrying but needs to be addressed. The reasons that make the reform strategy take the form of an authoritarian developmentalist by limiting the people’s voice or say is irrelevant need to be well addressed. Lack of effective democracy where important human rights are not respected makes the reform strategy a failure in the sense that it undermines important issues that it ought to be addressing. References Randall Peerenboom. 2007. China Modernizes Threat to the West or model to the rest? ` Oxford University Press Yanghong Huang, 2005. `Is the Chinese State Apparatus Being Revamped? ` in Tun-jen Cheng, et. al. ,eds. , China Under Hu Jintao: Opportunities, Dangers and Dilemmas, River Edge, N. J. : World Scientific Publishing Company, Samir Amin, 2005. `Theory and Practice of the Chinese Market Socialism Project: Is Market Socialism an Alternative to Liberal Globalization? ` in Tian Yu Cao, ed. , The Chinese Model of Development, London and New York: Routledge,. Edward Friedman. 2005. `Jiang Zemins Successors and Chinas Growing Rich-Poor Gap,` in Tun-jen Cheng, et. al. ,eds. , China Under Hu Jintao: Opportunities, Dangers and Dilemmas, River Edge, N. J. : World Scientific Publishing Company Jianfu Shen, 2004. `Population Growth, Ecological Degradation and Construction in the Western Region of China,` Journal of Contemporary China, 13, 41 (November 2004): 637-661