The Effects Of Economic Instability On Social, Political...

Assess the effects of economic instability on social, political and/or environmental factors as well as some of the solutions that have been employed to overcome them. Today’s most urgent problem is the global financial crisis, which broke out in 2008, its impact and its negative consequences( Karimov, 2009). Economic instability as a definition is when the financial system of a country faces ups and downs on its economic objectives. That is, when it faces major fluctuations in output, when inflation is high, employment is low, or when there is unsustainable growth. It could also be described as when the economic objectives of a country are not at the level where they should be. Cyprus is a recent example of a country that experienced and still suffers from economic instability and the effects of economic instability can be explained giving examples from this case study. Cyprus experienced a wealthy period (since its independence), through the years leading up to the financial crisis; it was fuelled by a booming construction industry and established itself as a regional financial centre (Theocharides, 2013). More particularly, the country had the lowest corporate tax (in Europe) and provided a tax service at a point where consumers were able to pay. Not only this, but it also had a stable banking system and high levels of education throughout the country. The banking system had high local deposit rates, a flood of foreign money and a large number of registered foreignShow MoreRelatedThe Presence of Corruption in Bangladesh 1471 Words   |  6 Pagesmost corrupt nations. Ever since the independence of this South Asian nation it has been fraught with instability and corruption. As new nation Bangladesh has to face various political and economic issues. Patronage networks, military coups and civil violence are the few issues that ruin the political sys tem of this nation. Much of the political instability has lead to challenges in its economic development. Bangladesh lags behind in natural resources and capital thus affecting the development ofRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental Forces On Yumyum Cola1020 Words   |  5 PagesHow Certain Environmental Forces Affect YumYum Cola’s Ability to Serve Its Customers Introduction This paper is aimed at identifying and highlighting the effects of environmental factors that affect YumYum Cola ability to serve its customer. This research will be focused towards the changes in political and cultural environment that can cause YumYum Cola to change its marketing strategies to hit the maximum targeted customers. The relationship between organization and environmental forces is a veryRead MoreClimate Change And National Security1295 Words   |  6 Pagespresents a new and very different type of challenge to national security. The stability of the world’s climate that has enabled human civilizations to grow and flourish over the last five thousand years is changing, causing environmental conditions deteriorate and cause worldwide instability that threatens national security. The sobering truth is that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are greater now than at any time in the past 650,000 years , and as the average global temperature is continuing toRead MoreThe Causes Of The Overwhelming Civil War In Syria1183 Words   |  5 Pagesinduces them to take a close look at the effect of the crisis on the economic growth in Lebanon. Theoretical literature reviews. 1) Tourism: For Faysal Itani (2016) Lebanon tourism pays the price of the Syria’s war. It threatens the economic growth of the country. †¢ Several foreign countries (US, UK, Canada) place bans, formal or informal, on travel to Lebanon due to security incidents and especially political disagreements which reduces tourist’s expendituresRead MoreEconomic Instability And The Political Situation2200 Words   |  9 Pagesfour aspects comprising any development, such as economic, environmental, social, and political, which are deeply interlinked. Analysts are using the â€Å"ripple† effect to outline the manner in which these four aspects of growth and development are connected. Any slight change within each of the highlighted facets of growth influences the other three. For example, economic instability has a profound effect on the social, political, and environmental pendulum. This work will outline the relationshipRead MoreApple s Distinct Business Model890 Words   |  4 PagesWith any organization there are opportunities and threats. We will examine environmental threats and opportunities that cou ld impact Apple, as well as, where Apple should focus their efforts to decrease the threats and maximize the opportunities. Furthermore, the most significant environmental threats that currently confront the organization would be political factors, economical social factors. The political factors stem from uncontrollable circumstances in relation to geographical precariousnessRead MoreAnalysis Of Qantas Airlines An Organization Situational Analysis1047 Words   |  5 Pages This report largely focuses on constructing a situational analysis of Qantas Airlines. An organisations situational analysis refers to an analysis that consists of ascertaining the key factors that will be used as a basis for development of marketing strategy. (Elliot 2014). Situational analysis consists of the environment analysis (both internal and external environment), competitor’s analysis and finally the swot analysis. By analysing those elements stated above, it is likely that the higherRead MoreApril 1971 Colonel M.A.G Osmani was selected as Commander of Bengali armed forces. Organized1100 Words   |  5 Pagesseparate state of Bangladesh created. Sheikh Mujib Rahman returned from captivity in Pakistan in 1972 and he also became prime minister. However, instability were also occurred in the new state. Much of the instability were caused by natural disaster such as floods and famine. Martial law and frequent states of emergency also contributed to the instability in Bangladesh. Moreover, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated in August 1975 not so long after he became President. Major-General Ziaur RahmanRead MoreThe Legal Foundation For Humanitarian Intervention Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagessovereign state by sending military forces into a state that never engaged in an act of aggression against another state. (Lecture, 11/15/16). Humanitarian intervention is a convenient label that has been used to describe everything from simple economic aid to military intervention. Because of the superfluity of conventional approaches to intervention, the question is no longer whether countries should intervene militarily, the question is what is the best, least dangerous, way to help. HumanitarianRead MoreThe Automotive Industry Has Done A Good Job1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe automotive industry has become one of the greatest industries today and is one of the world’s most crucial economic sectors by revenue. All the same, not only does automotive industry develops and manufacture but it also markets and sale motor vehicles globally. Social cultural varies for example population, social duty, ethnic differences, and the influence of consumer mobility affects directly to the automobile industry. Most of the consumer s concerns are the price, and the brand of the

Oil And Gas Industry A Canadian Necessity - 2858 Words

Albertan Oil: A Canadian Necessity Alberta’s oil and gas industry is a major necessity to the economic well being of the Canadian nation as a whole. This can be clearly seen with regards to the federals governments Equalization plan in which Alberta has not received a payment since the 1960’s. Although the oil and gas industry is detrimental to the environment, it is a necessity to the life the majority of Canadians take for granted and the notion that we can simply turn off the oil spigot and turn to natural resources without detrimental economic and societal impacts is unfounded, unrealistic, and without logic. Advocates for the end of the production of oil and gas in Northern Alberta and Saskatchewan claim that Canada could function without the oil sands (commonly referred to as â€Å"tar sands† which is improper as oil will not harder as tar will). This statement can be supported, but not without oil. Oil would have to be imported on an ever-larger scale than it currently is, requiring increased pipelines from the costal regions to more central Canadian locations. This would be seen as problematic to these environmental groups who oppose such pipeline developments. These advocates often suggest alternative methods of energy ignoring the consequences of these alternatives. Without the oil and gas industry the federal government of Canada would be required to rework its’ equalization plan, and all Canadians as a result would see a decrease in economic prosperity evenShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of Canadian Oil Production2862 Words   |  12 Pagesfocuses on the rise of Canadian oil production and how Canada’s economy has reacted to this rise. Canada is in a very unique position in terms of oil production. Within Alberta, Canada has had an abundance of oil that it could produce. However, oil prices used to be a lot lower than what they have risen to in recent time. With these low oil prices, no one could justify producing the oil within the Alberta. This is due to the issue that the oil located in Alberta is mostly from oil sands (Facts aboutRead MoreCase Analysis : Enbridge Inc.1401 Words   |  6 Pages Enbridge Inc. is a Canadian energy company intending to build two opposite flowing parallel pipelines, transporting crude oil westbound fr om the rich Athabasca tar sands, and natural gas condensate eastbound from the coast of British Columbia. The purpose of transporting bitumen to the west coast is in order to have an outlet to the Pacific Ocean and subsequently export to the growing Asian oil markets via oil tankers. Alberta’s tar sands are estimated to have 166 billion barrels of proven reservesRead MoreEconomic, Environmental, And Social Repercussions Of Climate Change In Canada1798 Words   |  8 Pagesyear on record (CITE) and is heading into unknown territory. Into the bargain, Alberta is just getting over one of its worst economic bust cycles that it has ever witnessed. The price of oil has fallen FIND THIS OUT 2014-2015. This has had a dramatic impact on families who rely on income from the fossil fuel industry to put food on their tables. Provincial unemployment currently sits at nine percent – the highest rate in 22 years FIND THIS OUT. A loss of jobs coupled with economic security results in Read MoreEnvironmental Water Issues In Canada1337 Words   |  6 Pagessupply. Canadian farms use water for livestock maintenance and irrigation. Industrial water use involves manufacturing practices and cleaning machinery and buildings (Water Withdrawl Uses, 2012). Both agricultural and industries are big contributors to Canadian GDP while being big consumers of scarce freshwater resources (Corkal Adkins, 2008). Thus, it is evident that Canada needs to adapt how it manages its freshwater resources, given the increasing demand from agriculture and industry, in orderRead MoreEssay on Understanding OPEC: An Economic Analysis1353 Words   |  6 Pagespolicies of the Organization of Oil-Exporting Countries by exporting oil above its quotas. This is but one chapter in the complicated history of OPEC. OPEC is an international assembly of nations which co-ordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of eleven countries and has enjoyed the highs and weathered the lows of oil prices in t he last few decades. To solve their problems, both member countries and oil-importing countries must address the complex nature of oil price elasticity in making theirRead MoreThe Impact Of Oil On The Economy3167 Words   |  13 PagesHistory Of Oil In The Economy For a very long time, oil was widely used for things such as medicine, lubricants and adhesives. However, ‘A new era began when Edwin Drake successfully produced commercially usable quantities of crude oil from a 69-foot well in Pennsylvania in 1859’ (Parker, 2013). In the 19th century, oil became a key player in all industries, businesses, technology and geopolitics (Hinsdale, 2014). Oil has become the means of survival for both consumers and producers. ConsequentlyRead MoreThe Cost Of A Carbon Tax Or Cap And Trade System1161 Words   |  5 Pagessystem is that depending on the industry specialization of the country, it can result in primarily hurting the industries that are key actors in the local economy. Hence, at times, it is difficult for industries to promote clean energy at a reasonable time to internalize the extra cost imposed on them through a carbon tax policy. For instance, the Conservative government in Canada had opposed carbon pricing, arguing that it would hurt economic growth, especially in the oil sector. In addition, they arguedRead MoreThe World s Tallest Skyscraper And Man Made Islands1547 Words   |  7 Pagesfamous of all Arabian metropolises. This fame has arisen from the city’s great oil wealth; from the massive construction projects that have resulted - including the world’s tallest skyscraper and man-made islands; from the reputation for excess among Dubai’s young and wealthy; and from the large numbers of expats attracted to Dubai by the prospect of sharing in the city’s prosperity. But there’s more to Dubai than simply oil revenue. The westernisation of the emirate’s economy has created much diversificationRead More The Economic Factors Involved with the Rising Price of Gasoline2554 Words   |  11 PagesFor many Americans high gas prices have been a hot issue with them, and there seems to be no rhyme or reason to these fluctuations. With the continued popularity of the sport-utility vehicle and the high volume of gasoline it requires, the issue of high gas prices doesn’t seem to be going away anytime soon. Many factors go into determining the price of gasoline. This paper will explore the various factors involved to determine the price of gas and attempt to gain a betterRead MoreIs Cca System Within Canada Meets Fundamental Principles?1851 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In 1949 the introduction of Capital Cost Allowance (CCA) system was designed to be a simple method to depreciate capital property for tax purposes (Mida and Stewart, 1995). The CCA defined by Canada Revenue Agency (2014) as a tax deduction that Canadian tax laws allow a business to claim for the loss in value of capital assets due to wear and tear or obsolescence. Over time, the system whose aim was to ensure fair and equitable approach to asset depreciation for all taxpayers was significantly amended

Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners Free Essays

Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners and losers (15) Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Globalisation over the past hundred years has undoubtedly made the world more interconnected including closer societies, politics, economies, cultures and the environment. Globalisation has increased the production of goods and services. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are those who argue that globalisation creates â€Å"winners† and â€Å"losers,† as some ountries prosper, mainly European countries and America, whilst other countries fail to do well. For example, USA and Europe fund their own agricultural industries heavily so less economically developed countries get ‘priced out’ of certain markets, even though they should theoretically have an economic advantage, as their wages are lower. The globalisation of economies has resulted in many winners from the developed nations while also improving improved the standard of living in many developing nations. As well as this numerous winners include most western nations, some third orld labourers and international institutions. The globalisation of nation’s economies has definitely improved the lives of millions across the planet, in both developed and developing countries. By far the major winner from this process has been the citizens and corporations of developed countries. This is due to many factors that have come to fruition in the later half of the twentieth century. Specifically, the roles of TNC’s, global financial institutions and consumerism all have ties to economic globalisation. Despite the criticisms that surround transnational orporations, they have been directly investing in developing countries and with their expansion into these markets, have actually raised the standard of living in many third world countries. An example of a transnational corporation creating winners with the globalisation process is McDonalds. This is a major example of globalization in both the economic and cultural sense, with nearly 50 million people around the world being served daily. The primary economic winner in recent times from McDonald’s globalisation process has been East Asia, as in 1975 when McDonald’s pened it first restaurant in Hong Kong, it brought with it a high standard of professional service and the first restaurant to continually offer a clean eating environment, which customers came to demand from all restaurants later. Another winner of the globalisation process, are the third world workers employed by transnational corporations. Although the western world sees sweatshops as immoral and unethical, the labourers who work in these places are often being paid a higher wage than most of their fellow citizens. This means through the economic lobalisation process and cross border corporations, workers in developing countries have the opportunities to survive and beat the poverty cycle. While there nave been many winners trom economic globalisation, there nave also been and will continue to be many losers. There have been many losers including most third world countries, the environment and ironically even most western countries. The primary loser from globalisation has been the developing countries, who have supplied the labour and raw material necessary to fuel globalisation. In any third world countries, globalisation has had the negative effect of creating sweatshops, where workers are paid low wages to do hard manual labour in often poor conditions. These sweatshops are run by transnational corporations, that have the aim of minimising costs by taking advantage of the relaxed labour laws often in developing countries. An example of a transnational corporation that uses sweatshops is Nike, as its shoes are made in many Asian countries at a low cost and then sold in western countries for a profit. After the goods are sold and the wages aid, the transnational corporations take any profit made back to their headquarters or home country. This leaves the developing countries in poverty as the workers are being exploited for a minimal wage while the country sees very little of the profits. However, not only are the developing countries affected by economic globalisation, the developed countries that are often at the center of globalisation also experience problems. A major loser that has resulted from the integration of economies specifically in times of economic downturn has been all economies, including both eveloping and developed. It can be seen that the primary losers from economic development are developing countries; however, developed countries can also be losers. Another significant loser from economic globalisation is the environment; this problem affects all countries on the planet and has been getting worse over time. The environment has been abused and neglected since the beginning of the industrial revolution and today is currently at a precipice. Developed countries are the worst offender when it comes to the abuse of the environment. There are positive aspects of globalisation as seen in developed countries, also now many developing countries are to some degree enjoying the benefits. However, transnational corporations and the developed world are still generally exploiting developing countries. Likewise, the planet’s environment is still being expended at a faster rate than it is being replenished or replaced and will surely cause problems for future generations. Therefore, it can be said that the globalisation process of integrating nation’s economies has had both positive and negative effects on the world. How to cite Examine how globalisation has resulted in winners, Papers

Performance Evaluation of Banking Institutions

Question: Discuss about thePerformance Evaluation of Banking Institutions. Answer: Introduction The financial authority decides for centralisation of the commercial banks or retail banking to meet certain goals. There essential features of the centralised banks are standardised processes, improvement in productivity, risk mitigation, improvement in service quality, integrated supply chain management, cost control and service outsourcing. These are the positive sides of centralisation of the banking institutions such as banks A. A group of authority at headquarter decides the interest rate, saving rates for all the branches in order to operate an integrated system. The salary of the employee is determined based on the productivity performance. Their incentives are based on number of selling differentiated products in order to gain competitive advantage in the market. The salary of the employees has been linked with the strategic objectives of Bank A. The business strategy of Bank A is to retain the market share in the face of strong competition. This bank expects a tough competi tion from Google, which already has a market power and recognition. However, in the view of Thompson and James (1967), this kind of pressure creates burden on the employees, which may de-motivate them to work efficiently. They even do not get sufficient time for the lunch break. This kind of organisation is detrimental for the growth of the organisation. As stated by Dougherty and Deborah (1992), aggressive market strategy may be profitable in short run, however, not sustainable in long run. Aggressive business strategy increases work pressure and decreases employee satisfaction. As a consequence, employee turnover may increase in Bank A affecting their profitability. Moreover, Okhuysen et al. (2009) commented that de-motivated employees fail to communicate with the customers effectively driven by the workplace frustration. Hence, miscommunication with customers may affect the profitability as the customers may shift to other financial institution, which is able to provide better services. Therefore possible recommendation for bank A is discussed here. Higher authority of Bank A requires developing a new strategy to gain competitive advantages in order to compete with a company like Google. Corporate culture practiced in this institution such as hard working is good however; this process can be implemented in other ways by improvement workplace environment. The main advantage of the Google is that this company provides employee the time and facilities for enjoying work place despite having tremendous work pressure. Banks A needs to adopt this type of organisational culture for their institutions. The central unit employed by Bank A can suggest to develop multiple and differentiated products along with savings accounts and interest on loan. Product bundling may be a strategy to get competitive advantages (Srikanth, Kannan and Puranam 2011). As suggested by Simon and Herbert (1997), technological improvement is important for centralised banks in order to integrate all the information regarding loan files. Deposits of money in different types of accounts are the primary source of investment for banking institutions. Higher interest rate encourages households to deposit more money in the bank. These resources are used by the banks to give loan to the borrowers. Return from loan is the main source of revenue to the bank (Milgrom, Paul and Roberts 1992). Therefore, the central unit can suggest bank A to raise interest on savings and reduce interest rate on loan in order to provide benefits to the customers. This strategy can increase the scope of competitive advantage in the market in order to mitigate possible threats from potential competitors. Financial product innovation is a crucial strategy for the business development. The central unit may suggest the authorities of Bank A to reduce work load from the employees. As opined by Dyer et al. (1998), incentive based performance is good as this process motivates the employees for better service. However, this practice need not be forceful. Therefore, the central unit can suggest possible ways for work pressure reduction. Bank can recruit more specialised employees as per each banking product category. The authority needs to emphasise on the high priority tasks first. Work schedule needs to be prepared according to the priority of the tasks. Employees may be given training regarding time management. Development of internal and external communication is important aspect of gaining competitive advantage. Direct conduct with customers helps to grow customer loyalty. These strategies are likely to be helpful for Bank A to mitigate possible threats and to increase its profitability both in short run and long run. Customer loyalty is very helpful for overcome th e threats of new entry in the market. Bank B is resilient to the changing environment of the market. Their business is customer oriented. Bank B gives value to the prospective stakeholders such as employees and customers. They also use performance based remuneration for their employees. Cultural environment of Bank B is very supportive for innovation in product and services as there is good collaboration among the co-workers. Moreover, flow of information within the organisation is effective for proper communication with the employees. In the view of Gavetti et al. (2012), employees are important stakeholders for the organisation and hence, they can contribute important ideas for the development of the business. Employee oriented strategy is business advantage for Bank B. Involvement of the employees in the decision making process are feasible for product innovation for Bank B. Despite having effective business strategy there are further scope for Bank B to develop their strategy to retain the market share. Corporate strategy of Bank B is stronger; however, it needs to concentrate on the business level strategy to increase their profitability. Google is a strong potential competitor in the financial market. However, the bank may take a market leadership position through cost control and revenue maximisation strategy. As opined by Milgrom, Paul and Roberts (1992), cash and asset management strategy are important criteria for cost control. Bank B can take market leadership through partnership with other banking institutions. Merger and acquisition is often helpful while intending to increase market share. Formation of cartel is effective to restrict possible entry of new firm. As cited by Srikanth, Kannan and Puranam (2011), development of information technology in banking sector improves the maintenance of electronic files regarding deposits, loans and other assets. E-banking facilities are gaining facilities in present times. Therefore, application of ICT in Bank B may b effective for attracting consumers. Value added products such as providing another service, facilities or product with a specific deposit account can be helpful for increasing revenues. Interest rate on saving account in compliance with the profit margin can attract more customers as they get higher return. Development of national payment system such as real time gross settlement, automated clearance house, automated teller machine facilities, point of selling gives greater facilities to the customer by reducing the problems of physical transaction. Bank B can be suggested to implement these types of product innovation. Technological innovation is effective strategy for long run sustaina bility. Asset and liability management is a crucial part for banking business. Banking institutions like Bank B often has to face marketing and business risk due to mismatch between the account receivables and account payables. Bank B needs to set a target to meet Basel norms in order to reduce risks. Milgrom, Paul and Roberts (1992) mentioned that the scope of banking business has enhanced after globalisation. Hence, the effect of market and exchange risk is greater no compared to before. Therefore, Bank B needs to hedge protect their business in the face of growing competition coming from both domestic and international markets. Risk mitigation strategy would be beneficial for sustainability of the business in long run. Product innovation and product differentiation are effective in short run. However, these strategise cannot give sustainability in the long run. In order to bring sustainability in the financial market, Bank B needs to ensure the collection of payments from borrowers on or before time. Development of customer is helpful in this context. The scenario presented above in the two case-studies strongly indicates the problems in the banking sector when there is threats of new entry in the market. The bank has been unable to perform as it was supposed to do. Under this circumstances two major banks which are now struggling to meet up their targets, earn a lump-sum profit and survive in the market is now struggling and seeking help from the McKinsey. The first thing that needs to be highlighted is the strategies that can be used to merge the institutions and the recommendations that can help in the post merging scenario. The term merging is defined as the process where the two companies are integrated into one single company so that they can implement their best strategies in making their business successful (Aktas, De Bodt and Roll 2013). The two banks namely Bank A and Bank B can be merged only after following the Companies Act and by abiding the corporate laws of the country. The component which helps these two banks to get merged up and be organized is as follows: Resource, Health and Culture. Resource: The chief resources of any banking institution are the employees who help in making the organization successful. Other than the employees the number of customers that the bank has also adds up to their resources. Health: The net assets of the banks and the liabilities imposed on them decide upon the health of the bank. If any bank has huge amount of asset with minimum liabilities is the target that every bank wishes to achieve. Culture: The term culture implies the work culture that exists within any institutions. In this scenario both the banks show a complete unique work culture (Froehlich, Segers and Van den Bossche 2014). The steps that the banks need in order to merge up are as follows: Identify the problems associated: Lack of innovation is the main problem along with delay in operation for our case. Other companies like Google have been trying to enter the financial market and provide better innovative service to the consumers. Under this circumstance, through the system of merger both the banks should try to deviate from their existing service and focus on the demand of the consumers and upgrade themselves accordingly. Appropriate price determination: The cost that both the banks must incur in order to merge up should be analyzed. At the same time there is a need to construct the expected benefit that may happen due to this merger. If the benefits are seen to be worthy keeping in consideration all the aspects, then only it is recommended that the banks can merge. Post-merger integration advice: It is obvious that two organizations with completely different setup is expected to face struggle and conflicts in their operations. Hence, it is advisable that the management team of these banks must integrate amongst themselves and keep a check on the workings of the employees and their satisfaction level and organize some session to advise them on their drawbacks while motivating them for their good works as well (Carletti et al. 2016). The difference between the two banks needs special mention while thinking of merging them. Bank A, being fully centralized follows the top-down process while Bank B follows bottom up process. Bank A focuses more on corporate culture and provides good incentives to its employees to motivate them. But the fundamental flaw of this institution is that it treats its employees as a machine. There is lack of communication between the employees within the branch and also with the employees of different branches. This hampers their performance to a great deal. On other hand the autonomous strategy followed by bank B prioritizes the customers and gives freedom to its employees in certain aspects of their working. This bottom up process helps in retaining the customers. Hence, it is advisable that the banks after merger should prioritize the customers and provide some liberty to the employees to work according to their convenience. It can ensure customer retention. Also regulation should be from the centre itself to maintain a equitable regulation but the organization needs to ensure that the Central control of the bank should not be the result for delay in decisions taken and thereby hampering the customer. References Aktas, N., De Bodt, E. and Roll, R., 2013. Learning from repetitive acquisitions: Evidence from the time between deals.Journal of Financial Economics,108(1), pp.99-117. Carletti, E., Ongena, S., Siedlarek, J.P. and Spagnolo, G., 2016. The Impact of Merger Legislation on Bank Mergers.Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper, (16-33). Dougherty, Deborah 1992: Interpretive Barriers to Successful Product Innovation in Large Firms. Organization Science, Vol. 3, No. 2, 179-202 Dyer, Jeffrey H., Dong Sung Cho and Wujin Chu 1998: Strategic Supplier Segmentation: The Next Best Practice in Supply Chain Management. California Management Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, 57-77 Froehlich, D., Segers, M. and Van den Bossche, P., 2014. Informal workplace learning in Austrian banks: The influence of learning approach, leadership style, and organizational learning culture on managers' learning outcomes.Human resource development quarterly,25(1), pp.29-57. Gavetti, Giovanni, Henrich R. Greve, Daniel A. Levinthal and William Ocasio 2012: TheBehavioral Theory of the Firm: Assessment and Prospects. The Academy of Management Annals, 2012, 18 Milgrom, Paul and Roberts, J. 1992: Economics, Organization and Management. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Excerpts of Chapter 5: Bounded Rationality and Private Information, 149-159 (Section on Adverse Selection). Okhuysen, Gerardo A. and Beth A. Bechky 2009: Coordination in Organizations: An Integrative Perspective. The Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 3, No. 1, 463502 Simon, Herbert A. 1947/1997: Administrative Behavior. 4th ed. New York: Free Press. Chapter 7: The Role of Authority, 177-207 (incl. 1997 comments by Simon) Srikanth, Kannan and Puranam, P. 2011: Integrating Distributed Work: Comparing Task Design, Communication, and Tacit Coordination Mechanisms. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 32, No. 8: 849-875 Thompson, James D. 1967: Organizations in Action Social Science Bases of Administrative Theory. New York: Transaction Publishers. Chapter 5: Technology and structure, 51-65